Ethical Dilemmas Of Plastics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2260 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Ethical Dilemmas of Production, Consumption and Disposal of Plastics The purpose of this paper is to bring to the center stage the numerous environmental problems that come along with the usage and disposal of plastic materials used in packaging, containing and shipping materials. Plastic, a non-corrosive, malleable, water proof, lightweight and mostly inexpensive is used to produce packaging materials in order to keep them protected from the elements and its surroundings during transit from point A to B. Though it lives up to its expectations of being able to protect pretty much anything, it also comes with titanic negative externalities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethical Dilemmas Of Plastics" essay for you Create order In this paper, I will shine some light on the negative impacts of plastic consumption in the goods industry and how we as global citizens can eradicate this problem while maintaining efficiency. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782. In the present day scenario, we humans have developed a high dependency for plastic based equipment and products. Due to its high reliability in terms of protecting goods from the elements, we find ourselves disposing more plastic than ever. Our dependency on plastic related items has increased significantly. Be it for packaging purposes or containing purposes. We have been using plastic for over 60 years now, creating 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic goods (Parker, 2017). Out of these 8.3 billion metric tons only 9% has been completely recycled, leaving behind 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste (Parker, 2017). Out of the total production, packaging constitutes to the highest level of waste generation, a whopping 40% of the total waste gets generated from packaging used only once. (Parker, 2018). According to CNBC, between 5 million to 13 million metric tons of plastic waste generated from industrial packaging consumption ends up in the ocean every year (Ferris, 2017). Not only is this leading to global temperature change, dying marine life, melting glaciers, it is also leading to inefficiency and improper allocation of resources. Plastic though recyclable and reusable, does not get put back in to the system due to its lack of usability. Plastic wrapping for packaging etc. has no use in ones day to day life. Hence, it gets discarded after ones opened the package. This then finds its way all around the globe, namely in oceans and landfills. We have to remember that Non-Biodegradable materials do not perish and mix with the environment. However, bio-degradable materials are those that over time perish to smaller particles and mix with the earth, not causing any harm to the environment whatsoever. Majority of manmade substances are not degradable in nature and either get incinerated or disposed into landfills or oceans. However, over due time with the aid of technological advancements, scientists have figured out a way to create a compostable plastic with a life span of around 180 days. Plastic, which takes around 400 years to decompose when exposed to the elements naturally is the root cause for numerous natural problems. With the introduction of this compostable plastic, our never ending need for a malleable, light weight substance that protects our goods from the nature will take a new turn. TIPA, an Israeli company has invented plastic packaging that ends life as an orange peel (Schuster, 2018). The company claims and I quote, Not a single molecule will be added to the great Pacific Garbage Patch located between Hawaii and California. (Schuster, 2018) With technological advancements reaching such high peaks where sustainable development seems like not just a dream, it is not hard to say that the days of non-degradable plastic consumption is over. The plastic breaks down into water, carbon dioxide and organic matter that bacteria then degrade (Schuster, 2018). Schuster, R. (2018, June 14). TIPA produces fully bio-degradable packaging [Digital image]. Just like any other dependency, snapping away instantly from something one heavily relies on can cause chaos. Instead, if we take the slower approach, where we start using these compostable plastic materials, we can eventually reach a point where a need for the use of plastic would not exist. In this process, there are numerous benefits that we as a whole can reap. To begin with, the monetary value. Perishable items like such have lower costs simply because they do not last too long. Things that can only serve their purpose for a limited amount of time come at a cheaper cost and since this technology uses recycled materials and natural materials, the cost of production are also lower. Second, the amount of health benefits that come with this overshadow any other positive externality. It is widely known that a group chemicals called Phthalates, a set of chemicals essential in the process of softening plastics have grave effects on human and animal life. Not only do they pose as a thre at to ones hormonal levels causing abnormalities, they also pose a threat as cancer generating toxins that accelerate the process of cancer cell generation. They say you are what you eat. The existence of process foods in our society relies heavily on plastic packaging. With the depletion of plastic production in our society, these processed food companies will have to either switch to gentles chemicals used to process their food or it will simply start vanishing off the shelves. United States has an obesity problem which comes almost entirely from the consumption of processed foods. This further transforms into cardiac related problems due to the clogged arteries and strokes that come along with this unhealthy lifestyle. This breakthrough could help the nation fix this problem further creating a healthier nation. A healthier nation would mean millions of fresh, healthy minds working harder than ever to produce nothing but great results Finally, I am the generation who can say that the generations above us are depriving us of things like petroleum based fuels, scenic beauty, clean water to drink and fresh air to breathe. Due to the industrial revolution, the world ahead of us seems to be grey. With no glaciers to keep us cool, no trees to give us sh ade and no early morning breezes to wake us up. Stopping plastic use will not only ensure the beginning of revivals of all these essential natural resources, it will also ensure that the trash we throw out today does not stay with our children and maybe even there. As mentioned, plastic takes around 400 years to decompose, which means there are high possibilities that a chocolate wrapper thrown out today might still be in existence when my great, great grandchildren go out to play ball. Industrial revolution and globalization sure have helped us develop as species and create better living standards for ourselves. However, with the rise of plastic and plastic consumption, what we do leave behind are incomprehensible ethical, environmental and socio political problems that we do not have to face. It is our forthcoming generation that will face the consequences of our actions. Industrial packaging constitutes to the most plastic disposal out of any industry. With the invention of decomposable plastic, we can now reduce our environmental impact by 100s of years. Not only are we rebuilding our earth, we are also helping us keep our money inside our pockets. The world has used plastic non-judiciously and disposed it shamelessly, it is time us as global citizens began taking care of our responsibilities. With the implementation of certain rules and regulations, we can together reap the benefits of non-toxic product consumption which will help us continue a sustainable futu re trend. Plastic, though a highly artificial man made development starts its life with a culmination of naturally found substances like salt, crude, cellulose, natural gas and coal. All these are used as is except crude oil, which further needs to be processed. This is done to separate the heavy crude further into smaller, lighter components called fractions. Plastics can be made to match the users needs. It can be formed into two types of plastics; thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics are those plastics that soften up when heated and firm up back to form when cooled. On the contrary, thermosets are those plastics that never soften up once they have been molded. These fractions contain hydrocarbon chains based on the requirements. A hydrocarbon chain is simply a compound that forms when carbon and hydrogen are mixed. There a bunch of fractions used to make different hydrocarbon chains and one of those compounds is naphtha. The name might ring a bell from naphthalene balls used to kee p urinals sanitary. A highly volatile substance, naphthalene is reduced from coal tar. It is white in color when finally, ready to be used. Plastic can be then produced using either one of the two processes; polymerization or polycondensation. All these processes require the burning of fossil fuels, toxic fuels and other compounds that release harmful toxic gases into the atmosphere. Moving on from production and consumption to management and disposal. Waste management is a one of those problems that every nation strives hard to tackle. Some nations succeed and some fail miserably. This vastly depends on the resources available in hand. Countries with a higher national capital have more money to deploy or buy more resources. Be it spending money on extensive research and development or on the technology that will eventually implement all that research and development. China, the worlds largest population and one of the most successful technological country is so good at waste management, it had countrie s selling their garbage to China in order to recycle or discard it. However, poorer countries like Bangladesh and Pakistan which have comparatively lower GDPs tend to give waste management a lower priority. Sometimes, no priority at all. Above is the data collected from 2010, showing how different parts of the world have various impacts on the world global mismanaged plastic disposal management. As I said above, poorer countries tend to not priorities sanitation and waste disposal due to lack of funds. However, smaller and poorer countries can do other things to promote an efficient way of managing waste. Austria for instance plans to ban plastic bags by the year 2020 (Kristi, 2018). This should help them cut down 7000 metric tons of waste in plastic materials from the world. Also, they plan to ban the use of plastic materials in cosmetics in order to achieve the same (Kristi, 2018). Another example is that of a South African company based out of Cape Town called AirWater. The company began a Zero Plastic, Zero Harm campaign around 12 years ago. Not too long ago, the companys founder and CEO, Ray De Vries announced that the company was switching from plastic to a completely compostable packaging made out of sugarcane fiber and a polylactic acid (Kristi, 2018). According to the CEO, the packaging is put in a compost should disappear within half a year. He also stated that instead of harming the soil, the bottles would add nutrients to it. Which if you think about is a huge leap ahead. Barren lands can be brought back to life by disposing water bottles. The company also claims that when burnt, the compound should not emit any toxic gases and cam be used as a safe burning fuel if needed. Now days, business have realized the need for them to suffice their corporate social responsibilities (CSR). Corporate social responsibilities are gestures and actions a company does for the well-being of the society. This is done to support the peaceful existence of powerful business owners and the common man. Dominos took an initiative to fix any pothole if reported. This was done in order to ensure the safe delivery of pizzas but also created a good will for Dominos for fixing public problems with personal funds. (BA 364, class note). Similarly, the beer m aking giant, Corona has started an initiative to promote green packaging (Arthur, 2018). The aim is to begin producing and using six pack rings made entirely out of biodegradable materials. The company has gotten the ball rolling on prototypes in its native country, Mexico. Corona says they aim to test out in Mexico first and then move to the United Kingdom for the home stretch of their testing (Arthur, 2018). This is yet another example of a company satisfying its social responsibilities. The company says that Mexicos beaches are elemental to the companys DNA and want to work harder to preserve it. Also, they understand their presence on the global stage and aim to standardize the use of these six pack rings. Executive Summary In this paper, I brought to center stage the ethical dilemmas that come with the production, consumption and disposal of plastic. How plastic promotes the creation of processed foods which lead to obesity and how the entire life cycle of plastics poses a threat to us humans. Be it exposing us to cancer causing toxins, toxic gases or harmful emissions. The aim of this paper is to shine light on existing problems like the accelerated rapid growth in production of a compound that takes 100s of years to decompose and replace it with greener options. Greener options like biodegradable plastics or eco-friendly plastics that have a shorter life span, less than a year. I understand that it will not be easy to implement this idea entirely but somewhere the ball needs to get rolling. Mahatma Gandhi once said, Be the change you want to see in the world. Keeping that in mind, I believe the industrial fraternity should follow the lead of companies like AirWater and Corona which are trying to chan ge their own ways to help the earth recover as much as it can. Only 19.5% of the worlds waste got recycled in 2015, the rest simply burnt or discarded.

Prayer At Sporting Events Essay - 535 Words

Prayer in Sporting Events nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Government is too preoccupied with pleasing a select few by removing prayer from sporting events than they are with running the country. This is a problem that can be fixed and should be. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The reason for student led prayers at sporting events is for a God they believe in to grant the safety of the players on the field and the fans going home. After all, Christians are in the majority. It’s a thirty second prayer that isn’t going to hurt a single person. (Gholson) At Celina High School, Celina, Texas, the students and administration completely ignored the ruling of the courts by continuing to have student led prayers before football games. The†¦show more content†¦Worth, Texas. â€Å"Why God, why? Help me please! What’s wrong with the world today? That we can’t pray at a football game, but cussing the ref. is okay?†(Goodson) This country was founded by people who were tired of the way their government was telling them how to worship God. And that is exactly what is happening now. Our government doesn’t want the atheists to get offended so they hurt the majority of the people by going against our own God and telling us not to pray for the safety of some people. The Bible tells us to pray without cease. And why should we stop? The prayer is even asking for the safety of the atheists. We don’t say the prayer, â€Å"Please God keep all the Christians safe from injury.† We pray for the safety of EVERYBODY. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If the government would be a little less involved in our religious beliefs or non-beliefs, we might have a balanced budget or less of a debt. The constitution grants us the right to freedom of religion. We’re not asking that atheists be converted Christians. If they don’t want to participate, they can go to the bathroom or put on some headphones. As an ex-atheist and recently converted Christian, a prayer never offended me. They shouldn’t be offended either. Prayer in Sporting Events 1. Times Record News. Nick Gholson, Wichita Falls High School 2. Texas Coach, â€Å"The Prayer of a Christian Teen†. FebruaryShow MoreRelated Public Prayers at High School Sporting Events Essay example562 Words   |  3 Pages Public Prayers at High School Sporting Events The Supreme Court has just received Santa Fe v the people, in this case the students was banned from saying a prayer at a foot ball game . The constitution protects the right to free speech. Therefore, there is no reason for this case to have come up in the first place. If someone does not want to hear a prayer, they do not have to listen to it. If I were the judge I would rule that banning prayer at school events is unconstitutional. 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The first amendment grants the right to free speech, yet everyday students are punished and ridiculed for their beliefs. Is this a fair system? Every person has his or her own rituals and for many students prayer is one ofRead MoreThe Prayer Should Be Allowed At Public Universities, Organized Team Prayer Before And After Game? Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pages I am writing to you in response to your article that stated â€Å"at public universities, organized team prayer before and after game violates the separation of church and state and should not be allowed, although private and devotionals are permissible.† I think it is important to go back to the history of the law and how it relates to today’s society before we distinguish whether or not prayer should be allowed in sport. Before the 1980’s athletes rarely ever discussed their beliefs or prayed duringRead MoreEssay on Prayer At Public School Athletic Events965 Words   |  4 Pages Prayer at Public School Athletic Events -Can We Get a Moment of- -Silence Here?- nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If public schools are just that, public, then why is the issue of prayer in school such a prominent and controversial debate especially when most of the public wants prayer in school? The first amendment grants the right to free speech, yet everyday students are punished and ridiculed for their beliefs. Is this a fair system? Every person has his or her own rituals and for many studentsRead MoreThe Youth And Collegiate Students757 Words   |  4 Pagesfamilies grow in their faith and become an ambassador for God. Integrating religion into sports has created an environment that has kept the youth from leaving. These young people see the fun that is associated with the Church and get involved in the sporting activities. People have become interested in what Christian life has to offer and as a result the Church has seen growth. However, the popularity of it all has resulted in consequences. Sports have become widely popular across the world. The commercializationRead MoreReligious Prayer Within Public Schools1431 Words   |  6 Pages Religious prayer within public schools has been a heated debate for many years and ultimately has caught national attention. Overtime many court cases have challenge this issue. The Constitution itself is on the fence of religious prayer because of the First Amendment’s freedom of speech clause which prohibits the government’s involvement with the freedom of exercise of religion. The policy of religious prayer within Mississippi public schools is a state policy level. In the year of 2013, GovernorRead MoreStudent Rights : Censorship, Privacy, And Speech1695 Words   |  7 Pagescase was taken to the Supreme Court in 1995, and the justices favored the school s side in a 6-3 decision. According to the court, schools need to keep students safe and away from drugs and students who voluntarily choose to join extra-curricular events should expect more limited rights in fields such as privacy. Since the drug test only required a urine sample, the court compared it to using public restrooms, and since the sample would only be inspected by select people, there is only a limitedRead MoreRoles of the Synagogue Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesRoles of the Synagogue The synagogue is a place for the Jewish people to worship God, or more particularly, where Jewish people can hear the Torah being read and pray to God. As well as functioning as a House of Prayer, or Beit ha Tefilah, the synagogue is also known as House of Assembly, Beit ha Knesset and House of Study, Beit ha Midrash. On three things the world stands, says the Mishnah, On the study of the Torah, on worship and on deeds of kindness.Read MoreSeparation of Church and State685 Words   |  3 Pageseducation system felt the greatest impact as a result of the First Amendment of the Constitution in 1791, when the connection between God and the good of civilization was destroyed. God is slowly being taken of classrooms, ceremonies and even sporting events. The entities of Church and State have not been separated, but it does affect many. When debating the subject, it should not matter what religion you are, but how people’s rights are affected. Since the beginning of time, there have been multiple

Negotiable Instrument and Secured Transactions Free Essays

string(76) " the promise or order must not be contingent on some other event happening\." CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What is a note and who are the parties to a note?  © 2011 HOCK international 91 A note is a written promise to pay money. Notes are different from drafts in that notes are a promise to pay. If there is any doubt whether a document is a note or a draft, the holder of the document can decide what it is. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiable Instrument and Secured Transactions or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are two parties involved in a note. 1) The Issuer (Maker) is the promisor. This is the party who is obligated to pay the note. 2) The Payee is the person to whom the note is owed. The Payee will receive the money paid by the Issuer. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What is a draft and who are the parties to a draft?  © 2011 HOCK international 92 A draft is a written order to pay money. In a draft, one party orders another party to pay money to yet a third party. If there is any doubt whether a document is a note or a draft, the holder of the document can decide what it is. There are three parties involved in a note: 1) The Drawer – The drawer writes and signs the note, 2) The Drawee (usually a bank) – The drawee is ordered by the drawer to pay the Payee, and 3) The Payee – The payee will receive the money from the drawee. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the common types of notes and drafts?  © 2011 HOCK international 93 The main types of notes are: 1) certificate of deposit (a bank promissory note); 2) time note (payable at a specific time in the future); 3) demand note (payable when it is presented to the issuer); and 4) installment note (the principal is payable over time). The main types of drafts are: 1) checks (written on a bank and payable on demand, requiring the drawee to be a bank); 2) cashier’s checks (a check that is drawn by a bank on itself); 3) trade acceptances (a seller of goods writes a draft ordering the buyer to pay at a future time); 4) sight drafts (a draft payable when it is delivered); and 5) time drafts (a draft payable with a certain period of time). CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the five elements of negotiability?  © 2011 HOCK international 94 In order for an instrument to be negotiable, it must have the following five elements: 1) It must be in writing and signed by the issuer. 2) There must be a sum certain. 3) There must be an unconditional promise or order to pay. 4) It must be payable upon demand or at a specific time. 5) It must be payable either to order or to bearer. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the requirements for the writing and signature?  © 2011 HOCK international 95 A negotiable instrument cannot be an oral communication – it must be written. However, there is no requirement that the writing be on a piece of paper (the writing may be on other items). Additionally, the instrument must be signed by the issuer, or drawer, to be considered negotiable. The use of any symbol executed or adopted by a party with a present intention to authenticate a writing is sufficient to meet the definition of signed. Thus, a signature can be made manually or by means of a device or a machine, and it can use any name (including a trade or business name) so long as the signatory intends to authenticate the writing. The signature can also be a sign or symbol different from the person’s name. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the exceptions to a sum certain?  © 2011 HOCK international 96 Though these items appear to contradict the sum certain requirement, the following items do not destroy the negotiability of a note: 1) A disparity between the words and numbers on an instrument (in this case the written words are used, not the numbers); 2) A provision for collection costs (including attorneys’ fees in the event of the debtor’s default); 3) A reference to an exchange rate; and 4) Variable interest rate provisions. However, the instrument must be payable only and completely in money. Thus, a note fails the negotiability est if the note specifies that it is payable in money and/or personal services or goods. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What does unconditional mean for a negotiable instrument?  © 2011 HOCK international 97 The instrument must be a simple unconditional promise (in the case of notes) or a simple unconditional order (in the case of drafts). Thus, an instrument must be a courier without luggage. This means that the promise or order must not be contingent on some other event happening. You read "Negotiable Instrument and Secured Transactions" in category "Essay examples" If, for example, an instrument says, â€Å"I promise to pay, contingent upon satisfactory completion of the terms of he contract signed today†¦,† then the note is not negotiable because it is conditional. However, if instead the instrument says, â€Å"As per the contract signed today, I promise to pay†¦,† then this instrument is negotiable because it only makes reference to an underlying contract. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What types of conditions may exist in a negotiable instrument without destroying its negotiability?  © 2011 HOCK international 98 There are, certain conditions that may exist in the instrument without destroying the negotiability of the instrument: 1) A promise or order is not made conditional if it makes eference to another writing for the statement of rights with respect to collateral, a prepayment clause, or an acceleration clause or because payment is limited to a particular source. 2) Acceleration clauses enable the creditor to collect more quickly should the debtor not make timely payment. These are permitted because they minimize the burden on creditors and courts. 3) If a promise or order requires countersignature by persons whose signature appears on the promise or order, as condition of payment, this condition does not make the promise or order conditional. This instrument would continue to be negotiable. The key point regarding negotiability for these types of clauses is whether the amount or certainty of payment is not changed by this clause. If no change will occur, negotiability is not impacted. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the requirements for the time of payment?  © 2011 HOCK international 99 Since the holder of the instrument must be able to determine when it comes due, the instrument must be payable on demand or at a definite time. The time does not need to be a specific date in the future as long as there is reference in the instrument that enables the time o be determined. Despite the fact that there needs to be a date of payment, there is no requirement that an instrument be dated. Undated instruments are negotiable and are treated as payable on demand by the holder. Instruments may also be antedated (backdated) or postdated. An instrument payable on demand is not payable before the date that is written on its face. It is also possible for the time period for payment to be extended without destroying the negotiability of the instrument. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions To whom must a negotiable instrument be payable? 2011 HOCK international 100 In order to be negotiable, the instrument must contain the words of negotiability: â€Å"payable to bearer† or â€Å"payable to order. † 1) An instrument is payable to bearer if it: a) states that it is â€Å"payable to the bearer† or to â€Å"the order of the bearer†; b) does not state a payee; or c) is payable to the â€Å"order of cash† or is not payable to an identified person. An instrument payable to bearer allows whoever holds the instrument to exercise the instrument’s rights without indorsement by the maker of the instrument. 2) An instrument payable to order specifies the person o whom payment should be made. Because there is a named payee, until the named person makes a transfer of his rights by indorsing the instrument, the instrument cannot be redeemed for value and cannot be readily transferred to a new holder. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions List and define the three stages in the life of a negotiable instrument.  © 2011 HOCK international 101 There are three stages in a negotiable instrument’s life: 1) Issuance: when the instrument is created and transferred to the first holder, The issuance of the instrument is not a negotiation. 2 ) Transfer: when the instrument is transferred from one holder to another 3) Presentment: when the instrument is presented for payment and after payment is made ceases to exist as an instrument. Transfer and presentment of an instrument may constitute a negotiation. Physical transfer of the instrument gives to the transferee (recipient) whatever right the transferor (giver) had in instrument. If the transferee becomes a â€Å"holder† of the instrument, then the transfer is called â€Å"negotiation. † The way that an instrument is transferred depends on whether the instrument is payable to bearer or to order. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions How may order and bearer instruments be transferred?  © 2011 HOCK international 102 Transfer of Bearer Paper – If an instrument is made out to bearer, the person who physically possesses the instrument is the holder. Since the holder is determined by physical possession alone, a bearer instrument may be transferred simply by giving the instrument to another person. The indorsement (signature) of the previous holder is not required to negotiate bearer paper. Transfer of Order Paper – If the instrument is payable o the order of someone, then the identified person is the bearer once he or she has the negotiable instrument in his possession. However, the negotiation of order paper to another person requires the indorsement by the named party. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are blank and special indorsements?  © 2011 HOCK international 103 Blank indorsement is when the payee simply signs his or her name to the back of the instrument. A blank indorsement automatically converts an order instrument to a bearer instrument. However, the holder of an instrument with a blank indorsement can convert the nstrument to order paper by writing a new payee above the blank indorsement. With a special indorsement, if the payee wishes to preserve the order character of the instrument, then the payee may specify a new payee. After this first special indorsement, the signature of the new payee is required for further negotiation of the instrument. If a special indorsement is placed on bearer paper, the special indorsement makes it order paper. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are restrictive and qualified indorsements?  © 2011 HOCK international 104 Restrictive indorsement: when the payee adds a condition to the payment of the instrument. Negotiation and further transfer of the instrument are not impaired. Examples are a restriction â€Å"for deposit only,† or for â€Å"payment after the completion of X. † Banks may ignore all restrictive indorsements except those made by the immediate transferor. Qualified indorsement: payee signs his name and adds â€Å"without recourse. † Without this statement added to an indorsement, the signatory guarantees payment: if the original parties do not pay, the signatory will. To avoid this liability, the signatory indorses the check with the words without recourse. † A qualified indorsement does not destroy the negotiability of the instrument and does not prevent its transfer. Instead a qualified indorsement makes it order paper. As a result, it must be indorsed before it can be negotiated. A qualified indorsement eliminates the indorser’s contract liability (g uarantee of payment), but not his warranty liability. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What happens if a negotiable instrument presented for payment is rejected by the payor?  © 2011 HOCK international 105 If a payor does not agree to make payment or to accept n instrument that has been presented to them, then the payor has dishonored the instrument. This refusal to make payment gives the instrument holder the right of recourse against the parties with secondary liability. In some cases this process of dishonoring an instrument can be done orally. In other cases written documentation, including a notice of dishonor, is necessary in order to establish legally the secondary liability against other parties to the instrument such as the indorser. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What party has primary liability for a negotiable instrument? 2011 HOCK international 106 Primary liability is the liability of makers and acceptors (and sometimes accommodation parties, too). Primary liability means that the maker or acceptor is obligated to pay the instrument before any other party. 1) Maker. This is the party who is obligated to pay a promissory note (not a check – the person who writes a check is called the drawer, below) according to the terms that existed at the time of issuance. 2) Acceptor. The drawee (the bank) has no liability for payment until he accepts the draft. Once the drawee accepts the draft (by signing it), he becomes n acceptor and agrees to pay the draft as presented. Thus, if the acceptor signs an incomplete draft (for example, the amount is blank), he is liable for any unauthorized amount later filled in. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions Who has secondary liability for a negotiable instrument?  © 2011 HOCK international 107 Secondary liability is the liability that drawers and indorsers have for the instrument. Drawers and indorsers are required to pay for the instrument only if the party with primary liability fails to pay. 1) A Drawer’s Liability. The drawer is the person who rote the draft and in so doing ordered another party (usually a bank) to make payment. The drawer does not expressly promise to pay the instrument himself or herself, but implicitly guarantees payment by virtue of using the drawee as a payment agent. In the event that the drawee refuses to pay a draft, the drawer is obligated to pay so long as the drawer is notified of the drawee’s dishonor of the draft. 2) An Indorser’s Liability. An indorser is someone other than the maker, drawer or acceptor who signs the instrument to negotiate it, restrict it or just to incur liability. The indorser’s signature is called an â€Å"indorsement. An indorser’s liability is created once an instrument has been d ishonored and the indorser has been notified of the dishonor. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the 5 warranties that a transferor makes in respect to the negotiable instrument that is being transferred?  © 2011 HOCK international 108 Warranty liability relates to the warranties (promises, or guarantees) that are made by a transferor in respect to the instrument that is being transferred. The transferor warrants that: 1) Good title to the instrument exists and the instrument is enforceable (it is their instrument to transfer). ) All signatures are authorized and genuine (meaning that there are no forgeries). 3) There are no material alterations (for example, the dollar amount has not been increased). 4) The transferor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceedings associated with the instrument. 5) There are no defenses that can be asserted against the transferor that would prevent payment of the instrument. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions To which parties are warranties made by a transferor of a negotiable instrument?  © 2011 HOCK international 109 The parties to whom warranty liability is incurred depend n how the instrument is transferred: 1) Transfer with Indorsement. When the transferor signs the instrument, he or she incurs warranty liability with respect to the immediate transferee and all subsequent (following) transferees. 2) Transfer without Indorsement. If the transfer is made without the indorsement of the transferor, the transferor incurs warranty liability only with respect to the immediate transferee (recipient). Therefore, it is better for the transferor to transfer without indorsement if that is possible. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are accommodation parties nd what type of liability do they have?  © 2011 HOCK international 110 An accommodation party is a party who signs an instrument as maker, drawer, acceptor or indorser with the deliberate purpose of backing the obligation of another party (the accommodated party). Thus, the accommodation party incurs liability without being a direct beneficiary of the instrument (this is true even if the accommodation party acts as a paid surety; the key is that someone else gets a direct benefit of value given for an instrument). Accommodation parties incur no warranty liability, but they do incur secondary contract liability just like rawers and indorsers. Additionally, an accommodation party has primary contract liability if he or she signs on behalf of a note’s maker. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions How may liability on an instrument be terminated?  © 2011 HOCK international 111 A person who is liable for an instrument can be discharged of some or all of the liabilities through: 1) Discharge by Performance (payment of the instrument). 2) Discharge by Mere Tender of Payment. The party who offers payment to the holder is discharged from any future liability for collection costs, interest and attorneys’ fees. ) Discharge by Cancellation or Renunciation. 4) Discharge by Material Alteration. If the amount of an instrument is changed fraudulently, this discharges all previous signatories. 5) Certification of a Check by a Bank. This discharges all prior parties to the instrument as the bank becomes primarily liable for the check. 6) Unexcused Delay in Payment. With unreasonable delay in the presentation of the instrument, previous signatories may be discharged. 7) Discharge Through Release of the Collateral. When collateral is released, the original promisor is also released. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the four requirements to be a holder in due course and what are the benefits?  © 2011 HOCK international 112 A holder in due course (HDC) has special status. This status protects an innocent third party (the HDC) from losing his or her investment in a negotiable instrument due to some underlying problem with the instrument. There are four requirements that must be met for a holder to be an HDC: 1) Holder. The individual must be a holder of a negotiable instrument. 2) Value Given. The holder must have given present or past value (not future value) for the instrument. ) Good Faith. The holder must have acted in good faith in the acquisition of the instrument. 4) No Notice of Defect. The holder must take the instrument without notice that the instrument is overdue, has been dishonored, or has been forged. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What is a holder under a holder in due course and what are the benefits of this status?  © 2011 HOCK international 113 The transfer of a negotiable instrument gives to the recipient (the transferee) any rights the transferor had to enforce the instrument. This includes the rights as an HDC. This means that when an HDC transfers the instrument to someone else, that recipient automatically has all of the same rights as an HDC. If the recipient meets the requirements as an HDC, they will be an HDC. If, however, the recipient does not meet the HDC requirements (perhaps they received the instrument as a gift), they will be a Holder Under Holder in Due Course (HUHDC) if the transferor was an HDC. This means that it is possible for a person who would not be an HDC (perhaps because he or she knew about some defect or the instrument was overdue) to be an HDC simply because the person from whom they obtained the nstrument was an HDC. This is the case regardless of whether the transfer is a negotiation or a gift. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the real defenses?  © 201 1 HOCK international 114 When an HDC makes a claim to force payment, the only defenses that the person can use to prevent having to make payment to the HDC are real defenses. Real defenses concern the validity of the instrument itself. By using a real defense, the defendant (who tries not to pay) claims that the instrument was never actually an instrument and they never had a liability to that person. They include: ) Infancy. 2) Duress. 3) Incapacity. 4) Illegality. 5) Discharge in Bankruptcy. 6) Fraud in the Execution. 7) Forgery. 8) Alteration. 9) Subsequent Claims and Defenses. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the personal defenses?  © 2011 HOCK international 115 All other defenses, other than real defenses, are personal defenses. Examples of personal defenses are: 1) Fraud in the inducement; 2) Lack of consideration; 3) Breach of contract; and 4) Mistakes. Personal defenses are ineffective against HDCs. This means that these defenses will not prevent someone from having to pay the HDC. How to cite Negotiable Instrument and Secured Transactions, Essay examples

What do you think about abortion free essay sample

Abortion is essential for genetic abnormalities. In the advanced countries, prenatal testing is done for pregnant women in order to detect fetal abnormalities. This helps the parents to know if they make decision to keep the baby or not. Also, it helps them to think if they are able to handle this situation or not. Many parents when they know there is a fetal defect may decide to terminate. For instance, some prenatal results can show an Edward’s syndrome or Down syndrome. These syndromes are a major cause of mental retardation. Mental retardation is general disorder appear in adulthood . It characterized by cognitive functioning. For example, he may have hard thinking and memorizing that need special care. In that case parents should understand the effect and symptoms of the problem. Parents have the freedom to choose if they want to keep it or terminate it. Furthermore, abortion is essential for poor families. We will write a custom essay sample on What do you think about abortion? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The world has a problem of overpopulation. Also, the environmental problems occur largely because too many people exist a nature. Having too many children causes much of the poverty found throughout the world. Some poor families cannot handle raising another child. They may have one or two children. They may resort to abortion because they do not have other choices. For example, some poor families have thought to resort to abortion because they cannot spend money to bringing up their children. Furthermore, raising a child coast a lot of money. Some families have not a good life style. Nowadays, the financial situation is different from fifteen years ago; it may coast more that 1 million dollar to raise a child. It is hard for some families to have more than one child. In addition, abortion is essential for undecided parents. For instance, some women feel they are not ready for the responsibility of bringing up a child. Also, some women feel that their life would be changed too much. For example, if they have a baby she might stop working, or it may let her to interrupt her social life with her friends. In addition, she might be looking after an elderly parent and does not have sufficient time or energy to commit to a baby. Furthermore, some women feel that her relationship with her partner is not in a good condition. Also, some women are too young to be a mother. Finally, there are women that already has grown children and does not want to start another family, or that she has all the children she wants. However, abortion is dangerous because it may cause health problem to women or may cause death in some cases. For instance, during the operation of abortion the women may lose a lot of blood and her body cannot handle this drop this will lead to other complications. On the other hand, abortion may cause complications but the reasons to have abortion it outweighs these complications. Abortion is essential in cases of genetic abnormalities, poor families and for the undecided couples. Abortion is a solution for these problems for example women who are not prepared to be mother and poor families who do not have the financial ability. Furthermore, the most important cause that is needed to terminate the fetus is if they found some genetic abnormalities. In that case abortion is indispensable. In my opinion, abortion is necessary in some cases and women should understand all the pros and cons of abortion. It is not easy to kill an unborn child but in some cases we need it.

distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact Essay Example

distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact Essay Hume makes a distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact. Relation of ideas is a priori, meaning that it can be justified by reason. It does not depend on something else that exists in the universe. Denying, or trying to falsify the propositions is a contradiction or inconceivable. People gain this knowledge intuitively, or through demonstrative reasoning. Matters of fact are posteriori in that they are only justified through experience. They are possible, but they may not be necessary, and it is consequently necessary to deny them without contradiction. Denying such propositions is conceivable. People know and understand this knowledge through cause and effect, and this is based on their experiences; accordingly, it is not possible to demonstrate it. This makes it possible to infer an unobserved fact from an observed one. Since there is no contradiction made in denying matters of fact, then one cannot justify a causal inference. People are able to tell what will happen in the future because of what they have observed in the past. Reasoning by induction is based and justified on a universal principle, which explains with certainty that the future will resemble the past. It is not possible to determine a universal principle, through reason since denying such a reason would be possible and conceivable. Hume, further points out that reasoning by induction is not valid because of the impossibility of proving a universal principle. People’s acceptance of a universal principle is not rational since they have no reason for doing something in their own way, and not in another way. It is possible to get the intended results, but the results can also fail. People’s acceptance of a universal principle is based on customs rather than reason. There are two parts of the dilemma. If determinism is true, then there is no free will. If there is indeterminism, then there is no control of will, and consequently, no control of action. Determinism is the idea that all events are caused, and, as a result, there is no free will since all actions are pre determined. Determinists believe that having free will means acknowledging the idea of a supernatural. The existence of a supernatural enables them to make conscious decisions, and this separates them from the other natural world. This limits people in the decisions they make. A person who is worried and conscious about the alternative he chooses does not have free will when making that decision. Compatibilism posits that it is possible to have determinism and free will. Incompatibilism rejects the idea of free will in determinism. Compatibilism rejects the idea of someone or an agent determining a person’s actions because if this were the case, then there would be no free wi ll. Some compatibilists believe that a free willed action is one that a person does out of his own decision, without any force or compulsion from someone. The definition of free will or freedom is the main determinant in understanding compatibilism in such a case. Such compatibilists believe that freedom is lack of constraints by forces, which are beyond someone’s control. In such a case then, the person has both free will and determinism. We will write a custom essay sample on distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Libertarians are incompatibilists, in that they do not believe that free will and determinism are compatible. They recognize that there may be some constraints limiting people’s actions, but these constraints do not determine people’s actions. People are rational and they are capable of choosing one choice from the possible alternatives freely. Compatibilism recognizes the presence of determinism, which in essence hinders free will. Libertarianism advocates the idea of people being free. Actions are free if they originate from the agent, and if there are alternatives. This gives the agent the freedom of the mind, in terms of the actions thought of and the freedom to choose from the alternatives. Agent-causation means that the agent has free will in determining the cause of the action. This differs from event causation, whereby the agent does not have any free will. A chain of caused events begins with the agents, and the agents do not act in response to the event, which would signify them having limited options.

Definition and Examples of Paralepsis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Paralepsis in Rhetoric Paralepsis  (also spelled paralipsis) is the rhetorical strategy (and logical fallacy) of emphasizing a point by seeming to pass over it. Adjective: paraleptic or paraliptic. Similar to apophasis and praeteritio. In The English Academy (1677), John Newton defined paralepsis as a kind of irony, by which we seem to pass by, or take no notice of such things which yet we strictly observe and remember. Etymology From the Greek  para-  beside   leipein  to leave Pronunciation:  pa-ra-LEP-sis Examples Lets pass swiftly over the vicars predilection for cream cakes. Lets not dwell on his fetish for Dolly Mixture. Lets not even mention his rapidly increasing girth. No, no- let us instead turn directly to his recent work on self-control and abstinence.(Tom Coates, Plasticbag.org, Apr. 5, 2003)The music, the service at the feast,The noble gifts for the great and small,The rich adornment of Theseuss palace . . .All these things I do not mention now.(Chaucer, The Knights Tale, The Canterbury Tales)We get [in Oprah by Kitty Kelley] the obligatory discussion of whether or not Oprah and Gayle King, her best friend of thirty-four years, are lesbians. There was no foundation for the rumors of a lesbian relationship, except for their constant togetherness and Oprahs bizarre teasing of the subject, Kelley writes, and then, like a conspiracy theorist squinting to see the pyramids on dollar bills, trots out unconvincing insinuations.(Lauren Collins, Celebrity Smackdown. The New Yorker, April 19, 2010) Mark Antonys Paralepsis But heres a parchment, with the seal of Caesar;I found it in his closet; tis his will:Let but the commons hear this testament- Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read . . ..Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it.It is not meet you know how Caesar lovd you.You are not wood, you are not stones, but men;And, being men, hearing the will of Caesar,It will inflame you, it will make you mad:Tis good you know not that you are his heirs;For if you should, oh, what would come of it!(Mark Antony in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, Act III, scene two) A Form of Irony Paralipsis: a form of irony in which one gets ones message across by suggesting the outlines of the message that one is struggling to suppress. We are not going to say that paralipsis is . . . the habitual refuge of the courtroom mechanic, who abuses it in order to suggest to the jury what he can very well deny to the judge ever having said.(L. Bridges and W. Rickenbacker, The Art of Persuasion, 1991) The Paraleptic Strike-Through The so-called strike through mode of type has come into its own as a standard device in opinion journalismeven in print. . . .As New York Times blogger Noam Cohen commented a while back, [I]n Internet culture, the strike-through has already taken on an ironic function, as a ham-fisted way of having it both ways in type a witty way of simultaneously commenting on your prose as you create it. And when this device appears in print, its being used exclusively for this kind of ironic effect. . . .The paradox is that crossing something out highlights it. The ancient Greek rhetoricians had a whole vocabulary of terms to refer to different forms of mentioning by not mentioning.(Ruth Walker, Highlight Your Errors: The Paradox of the Strike Through Mode. The Christian Science Monitor, July 9, 2010) Political Paralepsis Obama characterized Clintons remarks as tired Washington politicians and the games they play.She made an unfortunate remark about Martin Luther King and Lyndon Johnson, he said. I havent remarked on it. And she offended some folks who thought she diminished the role about King and the civil rights movement. The notion that this is our doing is ludicrous.Obama went on to criticize Clintons interview, saying that she spent an hour focused on attacking him rather than telling people about her positive vision for America.(Domenico Montanaro, Obama: Clinton MLK Comments Ludicrous, NBC First Read, Jan. 13, 2008) Paralepsis (or Omission), 1823 Paralepsis, or Omission, is a figure by which the orator pretends to conceal or pass by what he really means to declare and strongly to enforce.Whatever we seem to give up, as a matter of small consequence, we generally pronounce in a higher and softer tone of voice than the rest: this is accompanied with an air of indifference that seems to make light of what we mention, and this indifference generally leads us to end the particulars with the suspension of voice, properly called the rising inflection. Thus Cicero, in his defense of Sextius, introduces his character in the following manner, with a design of recommending him to the favour of the judges: I might say many things of his liberality, kindness to his domestics, his command in the army, and moderation during his office in the province; but the honour of the state presents itself to my view, and calling me to it, advises me to omit these lesser matters. The first part of this sentence should be spoken in a soft high tone of voice, with an air of indifference, as if waving the advantages arising from his clients character; but the latter part assumes a lower and firmer tone, which greatly enforces and sets off the former.(John Walker, A Rhetorical Grammar, 1823)

A critical analysis of the role of ICTs for the strategic development Essay - 1

A critical analysis of the role of ICTs for the strategic development and an assessment of the electronic presence of British Airways - Essay Example Moreover, ICTs has assisted the British Airline to strategize and continuously assess of all external elements as well as competition posed by other airlines and customer needs. ICTs have helped the British Airways to adapt themselves in order to enhance the competitiveness (Zong 149). This model involves business transactions between business organizations and consumers. The organization sells and advertises its product through the internet. It provides consumers with online catalogue to choose a variety of their goods. One of the services offered include travel services. British Airways offer travel services to its customer who purchases goods through the internet (online shopping). This model involves consumers selling directly to other consumers. For example is an auction web site that allows consumers to advertise and sell their products online to other consumers. When a consumer purchases the auctioned goods, they need the transport service in order to have their goods at their premises. Therefore, through the ICTs mechanism, British Airways is able to satisfy the urgent need of transportation needed by the consumers. Mobile commerce refers to the use of internet to sell or purchase products online then availing the products into consumer’s hands using wireless technology. Lastly, British Airways has used several tactics to ensure improvement in its services to the customers. Such tactics include arranging sales settlements between airlines and travel agencies to enhance accessibility by the customers and empower often flyer programs that serve domestically to primarily serve the national market (Paul

Why is the 1980s the pop decade that receives the most negative Essay

Why is the 1980s the pop decade that receives the most negative critical press, and is it justified - Essay Example Technology wise, the trend was also fast-emerging. The improvement of telecommunications played a key role in the success of the current technology. Scientifically speaking, there were several vital breakthroughs in science which led to further improvements in the succeeding years. There was also a recorded tremendous increase in the world’s population and is actually one of the periods with the largest recorded rate of increase. The fashion and style aspect also rocketed during this period in time and there were many things which made the people, most especially the youth, go gaga and engrossed to their icons to the extent of imitating them in how they look, what they do and all sorts. There are many other factors which made many people and even historians consider this era as a highly celebrated one in terms if the aforementioned reasons and events. However, as the saying goes, for every swing of the pendulum, there is always a counter-swing. This is because there are also several aspects which made people look at this era as an uncalled for- something which is ridiculed because of several negative implications that it brings to the people. One aspect which suffered bittersweet treatments is the entertainment industry, more specifically the music industry. It was this specific industry which is home to one of the most celebrated yet criticized icons. The music industry was considered to be at its peak during this period. Much advancement such as technology, style, genres and other matters emerged during this time. Pop music during those times was more of the dance tunes and even reached the age of rock and rap because of the advancement. Because of the great acceptance of the public to music, many musicians became icons which gained international fame and respect. To name some are Michael Jackson and Madonna- who were both

Choose a topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Choose a topic - Research Paper Example Fluctuations in prices and wages were a proof of such, as did sudden changes in the patterns of transactions and relations between agricultural workers and landowners. For instance, sharecropping became widespread in northern Italy, and many assume that feudalism in Europe was completely disintegrating because of the grave need of landlords for eager workers (Byrne 57-58). A number of destitute became wealthy, and the wealthy became wealthier as resources were reallocated by means of inheritances and additional economic prospects. This paper analyzes how the Black Plague changed Europe, particularly the region’s economy. Governments were forced to modify their techniques of collecting revenue, while getting involved in at times radical means to sustain the status quo between the rich and the poor. The cursing by the plague of the clergy right together with their supporters changed numerous beliefs of the people about the Church and its part in holding humankind within God’s mercy. Women and men took part in religious activities without the precaution previously performed to educate, train, and screen them, and detractors commented about the unfavorable outcome (Spielvogel 234). It is not an exaggeration to say that the foundations of Protestantism were built after the massive plague. European culture transformed as well, while vernacular literature and learning progressed against the Latin of the Church and governments. Not merely were there substantially raised demands and additional prospects for priests, craftsmen, and farm laborers, but also for teachers, doctors, legal officials, and law yers. Newly built universities and schools seemed to fulfill the need and demand, and several of them supported reforms that finally ended the medieval period (Spielvogel 234-5). However, the greatest impact of the Black Plague was on the European economy. The epidemic took the lives of both those who supplied the goods and those who demanded them, yet generally

Effective Communication for Enhancing Leadership

Effective Communication for Enhancing Leadership Main Title of Article Review : Role of Effective Communication for  Enhancing Leadership and Entrepreneurial Introduction Effective communication plays a vital role nowadays in affecting a person’s life whether in his working life or daily lifestyle. A person needs to master the effective communication skills so that he could succeed in his career or relationship with others. Effective communication helps us better understand a person or situation, so that we can resolve conflict. Besides, effective communication also can build trust and respect, and established creative environments and problem solving. An improper communication or ineffective communication will likely to cause misunderstanding and finally leads to frustration and conflict. One has to learn how to communicate effectively so that the information can be shared with his listener smoothly and to prevent unwanted negative feelings from others. We send, receive, and process an enormous amount of messages every day. But for effective communication, it is not merely exchanging information, it is also about understanding the emotions behind the conversations. Effective communication can at home, work, and in social situations to improve relationships, by deepening your connections to others, to improve teamwork, decision-making, and problem solving. It enables you to create no conflict or communication difficulties even negative news or threatening trust. However, effective communication often comes with a set of four primary skills, which are: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. One has to learn those four skills to fully master effective communication. There is one of the most important aspects for effective communication, which is listening. A successful listening means not just understanding the words or the information being communicated, but also need to understanding how the speaker feels when they communicate. However, speaking gives others the most significant impact. A person who is good at expressing, they have a better chance to succeed in his academic and professional career as he poses a more confident personality. Self-confidence leads to the development of the leadership and entrepreneurial qualities. Due to the leaders and entrepreneurs display the quality to implementation plans, it shows that they are good human resource managers. Besides, they also show that they are able to take their team forward to achieve goals in the right direction. In a nutshell, effective communication skill is very crucial in our daily lives nowadays. Many of our achievements depend on this skill. Therefore, as students, we must learn effective communication skill not only to foster relationship with other students, but also to secure our profession in the near future. Summary This review is about the role of effective communications for enhancing leadership and entrepreneurial skills is getting more important to every individual in today’s society. An excellent expression, the use of right words at the right time is the key in becoming a first-class leader. The four primary skills, reading, writing, listening and speaking have been now practiced by every individual throughout the world to enhance their inner potential. It is obvious that good communication skills are needed for everyone. Working in an organization, having a good leadership is more preferable than having a good managerial performance as it is easier to perform and accomplish tasks and objectives for the organization. A self-confidence person is able to come out with a qualified plan and lead his team towards the right direction to achieve the organization’s goals. Entrepreneurism is not a foreign concept to the academic world in this 21st Century. The development of knowledge is providing employability and entrepreneurship skills which is a logical expression for a university student. An excellent manager should consist of the listening, speaking, group contribution and interaction of information as most significant business students in this 21st Century. A manager should have the ability to bring up and motivate the members so that they will perform better and achieve the objectives. A manager should also have the psychomotor ability that involves in the communication competence. Listening and understanding are the ways of being a thoughtful communicator for manager. In the nutshell, the development of leadership qualities, speaking skills is the most important in development of leadership qualities effectively. Communication is the human connection and it is the key to personal and career success. Critique According to Manshoor Hussain Abbasi, Attiya Siddiqi and Rahat ul Ain Azim (2011), they have stated that people who want to success in their academic life, they need to have own communication, leadership and entrepreneurial skills together to generate the full potential of an individual. The authors had accomplished the article with their objectives and it is a useful article for university students. Through this article, we know that good communication skills had become very important in this 21st century. Students who are able to express themselves will gain a better chance to succeed in his or her career. They should take part in university events frequently to develop a good communication skill. For example, they can be event organizer or committee to gain some experience in order to train their entrepreneurial and leadership skills. Throughout the event, they may learn how to maintain a good interpersonal relationship and two-ways communication with each other. In this article, we found that there have several grammar and spelling errors. For example, Paragraph Errors Corrections Introduction ( paragraph 2 of line 7) N In Introduction ( paragraph 2 of line 8) Robe Role Introduction ( paragraph 4 of line 10) it obvious in it is obvious in Introduction (paragraph 7 of line 10) being an thoughtful a thoughtful Question 25 of first questionnaire as compare to as compared to Conclusion Question 11 of first questionnaire to built to build There are 22 references in this journal, indicating high accuracy. Although the citations are clear, there are plenty of citations causing the view of this article messy and crowded. Other than that, the level of language in the article is easy to understand for the university students. Moreover, the weakness of Methodology part is the questions were asked and analyzed without numbering it. Thus, this has caused trouble to the reader when they have to keep on referring back to the questions frequently while reading the article. From this article, have several ideas had been over emphasized. For instance, from paragraph 2 of the Introduction part, the paragraph had over emphasized the difference between the manager and the leader. It is irrelevance with the topic of this article. Moreover, the last paragraph of the Introduction part, which is discussing about the four skills that integrate with communication, entrepreneurial and leadership skills. Unfortunately, the paragraphs just focus on one of the four skills which are listening and without elaborate the other skills. For the Methodology part, these authors had implemented a good method of presenting the data analysis which related to entrepreneurship, leadership and students’ general responsibilities and integrity. There have 25 questions to show the result of five-pint Likert scale in percentages. Every question had interpreted that the recommendation to solve the particular affair. For example, the Question No. 25 had stated that we should provide environment in our educational institution to resolve the young entrepreneurs have many obstacles as compare to the experienced one. Therefore, young entrepreneurs will become a confident person and accomplish their goals easily. Other than that, the article used table to present the data analysis in Second Questionnaire is clearer than data analysis in Methodology. In our review, the method of data analysis in Methodology is complicated and it is time-consuming because we need to read the data word by word. On the contrary, reliability statist ics in second questionnaire is easy to understand by the reader and delivered the information to the audiences quickly without wasting of time as the table show the distribution of information separately. Conclusion In summary, we know that the author’s position that there are 3 important skills in leading an individual to a successful academic life. The authors have stated that a strong communication, leadership and entrepreneurial skills leading an individual to success in their academic life and it have been effectively supported. This article is successful although there are some flaws such as several grammars, spelling error, untidy references, omitting in numbering the questions, and also the over emphasizing some of the points but the author has elaborated the importance and integration of communication, leadership and entrepreneur skills by providing various of reference, making the article’s level of language is easy to be understood by university students, well prepared and analyzed questions, good method in presenting the data by showing the result of five-pint Likert scale in percentages and the information in articles are well delivered to the readers. The article has contributed in delivering an important message to the students that the keys of success in their academic life. Finally, the articles could help the university students and also working persons to have an idea how to get success in their academic life.  

Unemployment in the US Essay -- essays papers

Unemployment in the US Why I Chose These Indicators I chose these indicators because all are something that ordinary people deal with every day. All of us have control over our own spending and how far into debt we go. If we are not making the salary we want then we are free to look for a new job or an additional job. There is also the possibility of going back to school to raise your educational level in order to get a better job. This may, of course, put us deeper into debt. We are in debt as a country, and as individuals, but with the economy as strong as it is people have no qualms about going deeper into debt. There are increases in delinquency rates on consumer loans, record numbers of bankruptcy filings, and an increasing share of income devoted to paying interest on debt. These are signs that some households are becoming overextended. In this paper I discuss bankruptcy, consumer credit, inherited wealth and the difference in the way some generations handle debt. Executive Summary Personal income, installment debt and unemployment are coincident or lagging economic indicators or both. By many measures the US economy is very healthy, but increasing consumer debt and personal bankruptcies raise concerns about the future. Credit card debt is higher than ever, and personal bankruptcies soared in 1995 and 1996 (Silverman 1997). Over 10% of Americans are expected to declare bankruptcy during the 1990s unless the trend changes, and there is no longer public scorn for those who file bankruptcy (Darlin 1997). Consumer credit remains readily available despite rising bankruptcies. This trend is attributed to a credit-friendly social policy which requires credit to be extended without discrimination. Furthermore, easy credit is needed to allow consumers to buy goods. The lending business also remains lucrative. To manage risks, financial institutions resort to diversification and risk shifting. The cost of bankruptcy is also incorporated in the cost of credit (Lykins and Plankenhorn 1996). The post baby-boom group known as Generation X is accumulating a great deal of debt, mostly through credit cards. The average credit card balance of households headed by someone under 25 nearly doubled from 1990 to 1995. There seems to be little desire among these people to live within their means (Shenk 1997). However,... ...e News, 6 October 1997 v13 n37 p40. Lykins, Gregory B., and Robert L. Plankenhorn. AEven with personal bankruptcies at record levels, easy consumer credit is here to stay,@ Illinois Business Review, Winter 1996 v53 n4 pg32. McGinn, Daniel. ADeadbeat nation: why are so many people in bankruptcy court?,@ Newsweek, 14 April 1997 v129 n15 p50. Murphy, Robert G. AHousehold debt and consumer spending,@ Business Economics, July 1998 v33 n3 p38. Seiberg, Jaret. AFed card study finds surprisingly little pure convenience use,@ American Banker, 19 June 1997, v162 p4. Shafer, Tim. ASailing over the fence: the rewards of good credit,@ Credit World, July-August 1997 v85 n6 p38. Shrenk, Joshua Wolf. AIn debt all the way up to their nose rings,@ U.S. News & World Report, 9 June 1997 v122 n22 p38. Silverman, Dick. AConsumer debt builds a house of cards,@ Daily News Record, 1 August 1997, v27 n92 p10. Time. AWhen boomers become busted,@ Time 31 March, 1997 v149 n13 p64. Topolnicki, Denise. AYou=d be surprised what folks will do for money today,@ Money August 1994, v23 n8 p12. Ventura, Michael. AThe psychology of money,@ Psychology Today, March-April 1995, v28 n2 p50. Unemployment in the US Essay -- essays papers Unemployment in the US Why I Chose These Indicators I chose these indicators because all are something that ordinary people deal with every day. All of us have control over our own spending and how far into debt we go. If we are not making the salary we want then we are free to look for a new job or an additional job. There is also the possibility of going back to school to raise your educational level in order to get a better job. This may, of course, put us deeper into debt. We are in debt as a country, and as individuals, but with the economy as strong as it is people have no qualms about going deeper into debt. There are increases in delinquency rates on consumer loans, record numbers of bankruptcy filings, and an increasing share of income devoted to paying interest on debt. These are signs that some households are becoming overextended. In this paper I discuss bankruptcy, consumer credit, inherited wealth and the difference in the way some generations handle debt. Executive Summary Personal income, installment debt and unemployment are coincident or lagging economic indicators or both. By many measures the US economy is very healthy, but increasing consumer debt and personal bankruptcies raise concerns about the future. Credit card debt is higher than ever, and personal bankruptcies soared in 1995 and 1996 (Silverman 1997). Over 10% of Americans are expected to declare bankruptcy during the 1990s unless the trend changes, and there is no longer public scorn for those who file bankruptcy (Darlin 1997). Consumer credit remains readily available despite rising bankruptcies. This trend is attributed to a credit-friendly social policy which requires credit to be extended without discrimination. Furthermore, easy credit is needed to allow consumers to buy goods. The lending business also remains lucrative. To manage risks, financial institutions resort to diversification and risk shifting. The cost of bankruptcy is also incorporated in the cost of credit (Lykins and Plankenhorn 1996). The post baby-boom group known as Generation X is accumulating a great deal of debt, mostly through credit cards. The average credit card balance of households headed by someone under 25 nearly doubled from 1990 to 1995. There seems to be little desire among these people to live within their means (Shenk 1997). However,... ...e News, 6 October 1997 v13 n37 p40. Lykins, Gregory B., and Robert L. Plankenhorn. AEven with personal bankruptcies at record levels, easy consumer credit is here to stay,@ Illinois Business Review, Winter 1996 v53 n4 pg32. McGinn, Daniel. ADeadbeat nation: why are so many people in bankruptcy court?,@ Newsweek, 14 April 1997 v129 n15 p50. Murphy, Robert G. AHousehold debt and consumer spending,@ Business Economics, July 1998 v33 n3 p38. Seiberg, Jaret. AFed card study finds surprisingly little pure convenience use,@ American Banker, 19 June 1997, v162 p4. Shafer, Tim. ASailing over the fence: the rewards of good credit,@ Credit World, July-August 1997 v85 n6 p38. Shrenk, Joshua Wolf. AIn debt all the way up to their nose rings,@ U.S. News & World Report, 9 June 1997 v122 n22 p38. Silverman, Dick. AConsumer debt builds a house of cards,@ Daily News Record, 1 August 1997, v27 n92 p10. Time. AWhen boomers become busted,@ Time 31 March, 1997 v149 n13 p64. Topolnicki, Denise. AYou=d be surprised what folks will do for money today,@ Money August 1994, v23 n8 p12. Ventura, Michael. AThe psychology of money,@ Psychology Today, March-April 1995, v28 n2 p50.

Religion A Means to an End or Just a Delusion Essay

Over the years, people have held different opinions about religions around the world. Many believe in the existence of a divine being like God, while others worship idols and other images that they consider as their god(s), without concrete proof that these beings do exist. Based on the statement by Sigmund Freud that â€Å"Religion comprises a system of wishful illusions together with a disavowal of reality†, one may come up with several arguments about religion. This notion held by Freud, which he contends that religion is merely a human delusion forms the basis of this paper among other views. It is in human nature to seek and understand the meaning of life and through the use of intangible concepts, religion attempts to provide answers to satisfy human curiosity. Burke believed that different religions provide a framework by which people can understand the meaning of human life and the world. Each religion prescribes possible remedies to correct what it views to be fundamentally wrong and unsatisfactory about people’s existence (Burke 126), making religion an attractive way to attain satisfaction in life. However, the basis of such remedies lies in a realm that is transcendent of ordinary human experience, that is, more on the realm of supernatural (Burke 141). For example, monotheistic religions point to a supreme being who judges which people gets eternal life based on their obedience to his law. Religions of Indian origin on the other hand, provide an escape from an eternal destiny of suffering and limitation brought by the unending cycle of birth, death and rebirth (Burke 161). Such influential notion that obedience to a religion could give fulfillment may cause people to accept and believe in religious concepts wholeheartedly, wit hout tangible proof. Monotheistic religions describe an omnipotent and omniscient supreme being who governs human life through a set of laws. Believers may seek solace, comfort and the purpose of life by obeying this set of rules, often to gain good judgment from their God. However, such belief in a supreme being is typically based on human faith rather than concrete evidence of divine existence. For example, people in these religions believe that their God created the Earth and therefore, human existence. This notion can be challenged by modern scientific theories that explain the origin of the universe and human existence through logical and factual means, such as the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe and evolution for how humans came to be. Religions of Indian origin deal with the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. Rebirth is the religious or philosophical idea that the spirit or soul, after natural death, can start another life in another body (Burke 163). This never-ending cycle is brought by human’s self-centered desire, and brings eternal suffering to humans. Human existence therefore is to liberate one’s spirit from an egocentric self to end the cycle of birth, death and rebirth and free oneself from suffering (Burke 236). This largely deals with the spiritual dimension and is nothing more than a philosophical concept, which again is based on human belief and not concrete evidence. There has been no account of people who have been reincarnated, or proof that a soul does exist. It is another way to explain the meaning of life, which gives people purpose of living. In conclusion, people hold different views about religion. In any case, religious views are just analogies, by the assistance of which we attempt to comprehend a shared phenomenon. However, the absence of convincing proof for the existence of God and the soul, and the presence of more plausible explanations for religious phenomena, prompts Freud and other skeptics to dismiss religion as merely a human delusion. References Amstrong, Karem. Islam. London, United Kingdom: Orion Publishers, 2011. Print. Burke, Thomas P. The Major Religions: An Introduction with Texts. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Print. Trungpa, Chögyam, and Judith L. Lief. The Heart of the Buddha: Entering the Tibetan Buddhist Path. Boston, Mass: Shambhala, 2010. Internet resource. Source document

Exclusion of Chinese Americans in History essays

Exclusion of Chinese Americans in History essays The years between 1850 and 1880 marked a huge difference in the way Chinese immigrants were treated in California. Numerous economic transformations occurred during these years, changing the way white Californians, specifically Nativists, felt towards the Chinese. This was the beginning of what became a history of exclusion of Chinese immigrants in California that had many long-term consequences for the Chinese. Starting in the 1850s Chinese immigrants came to California in large numbers. They were not so much accepted as tolerated, treated as mysterious foreigners, an Oriental, rather than a threat. But by the 1870s, with the depression of 1873 and the rise of mechanization, Nativists and other working-class whites began to view the Chinese as a serious threat to their economic stability. By the 1870s, capitalists were attempting to rationalize and reduce the cost of production (Lee 54). These same capitalists began to view immigrants as a good, relatively free source of labor. With mechanization came the ability to train almost anyone, immigrants, women and children, on the use of these machines. This took power away from the white man. These white men became increasingly threatened by immigrant labor, specifically the Chinese. While it is true that he Irish were also used as unskilled laborers, by their very whiteness, they were not viewed as the same threat as the brown-skinned Chinese. The use of the Irish and Italian, as well as the Chinese immigrants as strikebreakers became commonplace in the 1870s (Lee 55). Even though the Irish and Italians were used, once again the Chinese became the focus of the anti-immigrant sentiment. Many of these white laborers, having already left the Eastern United States due to the advent of mechanization, turned to the id ea of Nativism as a result of the threat of the Chinese immigrants. In 1870, Senator Cowan warned...

Daughter, in Girl essays

The Relationship Between the Mother/Daughter, in Girl essays The relationship between the mother/daughter, in Girl, and father/son, in Reunion, are very different. In what way are they different? They are different because in the Girl, the mother is teaching her daughter the right way to live, the way to act. She is teaching her daughter morals, at a very young age. For example, the mother tells her daughter how to do laundry, wash the white clothes on Monday and put them on the stone heap; wash the colored clothes on Tuesday and put them on the clothesline to dry. And she is teaching her how to iron a shirt, how to set the table for tea or dinner. How to make medicine for a cold, or to get rid of an unwanted pregnancy. Also what she should do when she goes shopping for groceries, always squeeze the bread to make sure that its fresh. And the only thing the girl can answer is, what if the baker wont let me feel the bread? shes probably young and she doesnt fully grasp all that her mother is teaching her now. The reason why the mother is teaching her daughter at a young age so that when she grows up, she will come away with something. And people wont look at her like she has no moral values or they will look at her mother in a bad way, that she didnt teach her daughter anything. In the Reunion, the father is just a drunk who doesnt care about what people think of him. He says and does whatever he wants without a care in the world who he hurts or embarrasses. For example, when they went to a newsstand to get a newspaper, his father started talking to the clerk in a very rude manner, kind sir will you be good enough to favor me with one of your no good ten-cent afternoon papers? The clerk didnt want to deal with him so he just turned away, but Charlies father kept insisting on getting what...

Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

Business Decision Making - Essay Example The management focuses on the application of various research methods. Research companies shall interview tablet users in the South East market. The researcher will also use both structured and unstructured interviews to obtain information on the product. Interviews will provide both qualitative and quantitative methods. The researcher should minimize chances of nonrespondence by approaching the subjects appropriately. Flexibility will be integrated in the interview process in order to maximize information obtained (McKee, 2014, 1). Similarly, researchers will use questionnaires. Mailed questionnaires will be randomly sent to tablet users on a random basis. The researcher should consider the cost of sending feedback from the respondents (Elvis, 2010, 56). Prepaid stamps should be used to cushion the respondents on the mailing costs. Moreover, the researcher may obtain primary data on the market trends. A market analysis will provide quantitative and qualitative data. Researchers can request electronics’ suppliers to furnish them with sales records on tablets. Alternatively, researchers can use secondary data from electronic databases. Sales records will provide detailed information on consumer demand of tablets. Data on consumer preferences will be obtained. The company encourages researchers to apply any other research methods provided they avail adequate data. The objective of the proposed research is to obtain as much data from customers as possible. Particularly, qualitative data providing information on consumer taste and preference is of great importance. The researcher should obtain data on the prevailing market price of the various tablets available in the market. The information obtained will enable the management come up with a price that will maximize revenue for the company. Consumer demand pattern should also be obtained as it will help the company predict expected demand with a high degree of

The Emancipation Proclomation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Emancipation Proclomation - Essay Example It is relevant to mention that there were no radical steps taken by Lincoln in Emancipation Proclamation. The President followed a well-balanced strategy of the conservatives. He did not want to take radical measures in order not to provoke a strong resonance. Vice versa, Lincoln was very much concerned about the necessity to foster the principles of freedom and the equality of all people, as it is stated in the constitution, but this policy could be implemented only in the case of a well-considerate politics of the President. Thesis statement: anti-slavery moods of Abraham Lincoln, his well-balanced politics, his respect to God, moral and the nation resulted in Emancipation Proclamation and freedom mode of the American society development. Historical Background of Emancipation Proclamation Abraham Lincoln fostered emancipation at the highest speed and no one expected that this process would occur in such a way. The Civil War exerted a great influence on the policy of Lincoln and it shifted the accents of anti-slavery policy of the President. Lincoln is an evident antagonist of slavery, but he is aware of the fact that it is impossible to remove this phenomenon at once, because it takes time and radical instantaneous changes are impossible. Slavery is a deeply-rooted phenomenon of the American society and in order to eradicate it, there is a need to develop innovative reforms and different preventive practices are relevant to halt the development of slavery in America. He was dependent on the environment and the events of the country to the greatest extent that is why it was necessary to develop a properly considered strategy of slavery eradication. Lincoln is often considered as â€Å"an antislavery moderate, a "gradualist," who hoped slavery would slowly die away†1. The striking document of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was an alternative for creation of new territories of slavery expansion in America. The political party of Lincoln, Whig Party, expe rienced an inner split because of different attitudes of its members to the issue of slavery. Lincoln commented on his indignation about Nebraska Bill: â€Å"I have always hated slavery, I think as much as any abolitionist. I have been an Old Line Whig. I have always hated it, but I have also been quiet about it until this new era of  introduction of  the Nebraska Bill began†2. Lincoln meant that there is an expansion of slavery, in case different states will join the slave states and the question of the slavery will rise again. Arguments about the Nebraska Bill were intensified, when the Republican Abraham Lincoln opposed to the Democrat Stephen Douglas in 1858. The latter supported the Bill very much and Lincoln opposed to the division of the nation, because no nation would survive in case it is half slave and half free. Lincoln denied his intention to make all the races equal. This fact can be criticized, because Lincoln claimed that in the Declaration of  Independen ce "all men are created equal" and this was a starting point for him to foster his fundamental anti-slavery principles. Lincoln won a great reputation and support of the nation. In 1860 he clearly stated that he opposes to slavery and thus he won the election against a split Democratic Party. In the beginning of his presidency, the Civil War broke out. Lincoln made an attempt to please different states and he persuaded those states, where slavery has already been introduced that he would not eradicate it in those states. He

Refelction and discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Refelction and discussion - Essay Example While the major decisions and the exercise of accounting prerogatives are performed by the senior accountant, I learnt a lot about the demands of the profession by performing the regular or routine work such as executing the trial balance of the statement of financial condition or reconciling the sales balances for the month. Aside from helping in the preparation of the financial statements for the firm, I occasionally was asked to do some tasks that had to do with the individual projects which the construction firm was involved in. It happens to be a much more difficult accounting for projects rather than for the company in its entirety because projects have a budget that was drawn pursuant to the terms of the contract, and the interpretation of accounts, allocation of expenses, and reconciliation of records and activities pertaining to the project can be difficult while the project is in progress. For a short while I was assigned to other sections to gain a better grasp of the acco unting procedures involved in those areas. While the stay in each section was brief and the work I was asked to perform was only routine, my brief exposure nevertheless added to my appreciation of the manner in which the job was done and the significance of the function of the section in the overall department. There are a number of skills I developed in the course of the program, the most of important of which is the set of people skills which I needed to deal with my superiors, co-workers and team mates, and with the clients who would consult occasionally concerning the progress of the projects. I also dealt on a regular basis with staff from the other departments, coordinating with counterparts in procurement, engineering, and marketing. From this I discovered that the organisation is more than just a rigid structure that governs people. An organisation is a dynamic set of relationships among its members who interact with one another to successfully achieve the organisationâ€⠄¢s strategic goal. As mentioned, I worked under the supervision of a senior accountant. She has been in the profession for several years and with the construction company for almost the same duration. From her, I had learnt that because of the specialised knowledge which our profession implies, we are held to a higher standard of ethics than most other workers in the organisation. This is because we, as accounting and finance professionals, are relied upon by all major stakeholders who deal with the organisation, such as the management, shareholders or business owners, the government and regulators. I learnt in school that the position of an accountant or financier is imbued with trust, but it was only during the internship that I came to realise what this actually means in practice, and it is such a profound responsibility. There are other things about which I had been taught in school, but had only come to fully appreciate during the internship. I had gained a greater self-confid ence during the program and began to trust my abilities and my decisions in addressing the tasks of my job. I learnt to face clients with a greater sense of self-assuredness by understanding that the service was all about satisfying their needs in the most convenient way possible for them. I also learnt the value of team work, particularly where

Amazon Metrics Essay Example for Free

Amazon Metrics Essay As a thumb in on-line shopping industry, Amazon surely owned massive competitive advantages. Amazon believes the main competitive factors in its market segments included ‘selection, price, availability, convenience, information, discovery, brand recognition, personalized services, accessibility, customer service, reliability, speed of fulfillment, ease of use, and ability to adapt to changing conditions, as well as our customers’ overall experience and trust in transactions with us and facilitated by us on behalf of third-party sellers’. And there is large number of technologies used to support these diverse advantages, which compared with its competitors are different. First, Look inside a current textbook on software architecture, and you’ll find few patterns that we don’t apply at Amazon. We use high-performance transactions systems, complex rendering and object cashing, workflow and queuing systems, business intelligence and data analytics, machine learning and pattern recognition, neural networks and probabilistic decision making, and a wide variety of other technologies. In other words, Amazon always keep its technologies are the lasted ones. That is also help to operating business, such as deal with the orders, tracking shipping information, customer services, more effective and efficient. Second, Amazon pays more attention to their customers with their unique technologies. Round (2004) notes that Amazon focus on customer satisfaction metrics. Each site is closely monitored with standard service avail-ability monitoring (for example, using Keynote or Mercury Interactive) site availability and download speed. We use a set of applications for accepting and validating customer orders, placing and tracking orders with suppliers, managing and assigning inventory to customer orders, and ensuring proper shipment of products to customers. All these purposes are came true by a transaction-processing system. There is also an automated e-mail measurement and optimization system. This measure would give big contribution to promote available inventory. There is a good cycle from the system to promotion. Amazon tries their best to give personalized services. Web pages tailored to individual preferences, such as recommendations and notifications; 1-Click technology; secure payment systems; image uploads; searching on our websites as well as the internet; browsing; and the ability to view selected interior pages and citations, and search the entire contents of many of the Book’ and ‘Search Inside the Book’ features. Third, to further provide a comfortable shopping environment for customers, Amazon makes many attempts. A company like Amazon could (and did) record every move a visitor made, every last click and twitch of the mouse. In time, the work of editorial reviews, such as Marcus, was marginalized since Amazon found that the majority of visitors used the search tools rather than read editorial. At the last, Amazon devotes itself to improve and innovation constant. Providing the latest and effective technology to guide all stakeholders, such as third parties, as well. As Amazon explains in SEC (2005): using primarily our own proprietary technologies, as well as technology licensed from third parties, we have implemented numerous features and functionality that simplify and improve the customer shopping experience, enable third parties to sell on our platform, and facilitate our fulfillment and customer service operations. And the Amazon retail platform enables other retailers to sell products online using the Amazon user interface and infrastructure through their ‘Syndicated Stores’ programme. Above all, these creative and maturity technology enhanced Amazon’s core capability while competed with other rivals.