Indo-European Family of Languages

Candy Debut Albums and Joe free essay sample

The young lady at the station, the young lady with the grin, the minutes compulsion to remain for some time. This book was a pleasant book. It could have finished somewhat better. Joe had the right to be with Candy after all that he had experienced for her. Joe merited better, and he TLD get it. That is the main awful part about this book, yet generally speaking amazing book. This book was a pleasant book. It could have finished somewhat better. Joe had the right to be with Candy after all that he had experienced for her. Joe merited better, and he TLD get It. That is the main awful part about this book, however generally speaking magnificent book. My book was on Candy.A youthful adolescent young lady and kid who experienced passionate feelings for. Which happens constantly kid meets young lady the two of them fall for each other, yet who realized It would have happen Like this. Candy was a multi year old young lady who met a multi year old kid name Joe deck. They met at a train station In downtown London. Joe was lost In the train station when candy stood out enough to be noticed. Candy was attempting to inquire as to whether he required assistance discovering his direction at the same time, Joe was so lost in her excellence he didnt answer her he just gazed. Which sort of drove Candy away. She was complimented, however didnt need things to turn out to be progressively unbalanced. Joe had made up for lost time to Candy at the McDonalds and got her lunch.Candy and Joe were talking when out of nowhere Candys face went cold. The individual she dreaded the most had quite recently strolled into McDonalds, Gigs. Gigs was Candys pimp. Candy was a multi year old whore. Obviously, Joe, didnt know, well in any event not yet. After Gigs frightened the wreckage out of Candy and Joe, Joe left Candy and returned home. Joe was stuck on Candy. Unexplainable adoration must be a genuine thing on the grounds that Joe was enamored. Joe was still in stun about what had occurred. The manner in which Candy went cold like that, the manner in which she acted with Gigs, she didnt look at him without flinching, held her head down the entire time.Joe knew there was more to it, the Just couldnt press himself to accept that Candy was a whore and that Gigs was her pimp. It was excessively incredible to him, to me too in light of the fact that there are adolescents everywhere throughout the world getting drove into sex dealing. Joe was trapped, so stuck he composed a melody about her and played it with his band. Joe was in a band called The Skates. Joe was reluctant about calling Candy. He thought imagine a scenario in which Gigs replied, what might he say, so he held up an entire week to call her. Joe had held on to call Candy, he was anxious, yet he at long last called her. Joe and Candy had made an arrangement to go to the zoo one week from now so they could talk.They wanted to meet at the front door. They had went to the bistro. At the bistro Candy had hauled something out of her tote and excused herself to the washroom, said she would be a moment. Joe barely cared about It until she came out the washroom with something new about her. She had another look, her eyes were widened, and she was quiet. Candy was additionally a heroin someone who is addicted, she had been since the time Gigs came and destroyed her life. Poor Joe getting sucked up Into this young ladies mess. It wasnt his flaw however It was cherishes issue, you cannot help how you become hopelessly enamored with. After the zoo Joe was smelling from ear to ear.While playing his guitar and threw his melody about Candy, his sister Gina had strolled in. Gina was 5 years more seasoned than Joe which implied she was 20. Gina had a sweetheart name, Mike. Mike was a major dark person. Joe and Gina reminds every others business. Much the same as my sibling Gina needed to realize what candy's identity was. Joe felt awkward about disclosing to Gina who Candy was particularly a direct result of Candy circumstance her being a whore and a heroin fiend, yet he revealed to her beginning and end. In the event that it were me nothing would have been stated, that would have kicked the bucket as a mystery with me. The following occasion is the place everything gets great in the book.Joe has a gig with his band at a bar in downtown London. Everybody he thinks about will be there Candy, Gina, and Mike. It was during the last melody the band was playing that night, the tune Joe had expounded on Candy, the band concurred that Joe could play it for the last tune. Everything was going extraordinary till Gigs strolled in. Gigs implied inconvenience like consistently. Gigs had gone to the bar searching for Candy. Gigs medicate Candy out of the bar. Mike, Gins beau seen the fight occurring and attempted to stop it. Mike didnt succeed, Gigs group almost beat Mike half to death.Meanwhile Joe is still in front of an audience completing the Eng, he didnt notice whatever occur. At the point when he at last discovers her back at her condo half alive, he attempts to support her, yet during his endeavors, Gigs came in and attempts to execute Joe. At long last, Gigs doesnt succeed. Candy gets up and crushes Gigs in the head with a table light. Her and Joe get away and go to this cabin Joeys family has saved. Then, while Joe and Candy are at the cabin. Gigs awakens and discovers data about him, for example, his name, where he lives, everything. Gigs winds up taking Gina. Gigs calls Joe after he takes Gina and attempts to offer him a dealCandy for Gina. Presently Joe is stuck in a tight spot. The affection for his life or his sister. He is terrified and sad, so he calls Mike and discloses to him everything. Mike comes to help Joe and Candy, however Candy as of now has her a mystery plan. She intends to slaughter Gigs when he gets to the bungalow, and that is actually what she does. Candy wounded Gigs in the throat. You would imagine that everything is reasonable, everyone got what they merited. No, Candy wound up getting captured and being sent to a psychological organization. Joe is taboo to see her once more. He has lost the young lady he had always wanted.

Abraham Maslows Life and Legacy

Abraham Maslows Life and Legacy More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Best Known For Maslow's Early Life Career and Theories Contributions Selected Publications Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist perhaps best known as one of the founders of humanistic psychology and for his famous hierarchy of needs. Maslow felt that Freuds psychoanalytic theory and Skinners behavioral theory were too focused on the negative or pathological aspects of existence and neglected all of the potential and creativity that human beings possess. Maslows hierarchy of needs suggested that people have a number of needs, and as these needs are met they are able to go on to pursue other needs. The needs at the base of his hierarchy are more basic in nature, gradually moving up into more social, emotional and self-actualizing needs as one moves up the hierarchy. The story of the human race is the story of men and women selling themselves short. â€" Abraham Maslow Best Known For Hierarchy of NeedsFounder of Humanistic Psychology Maslows Early Life Abraham Maslow was born on April 1, 1908, in Brooklyn, New York, where he grew up the first of seven children born to his Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia. Maslow later described his early childhood as unhappy and lonely, and he spent much of his time in the library immersed in books. Eventually, Maslow went on to study law at City College of New York (CCNY) and married his first cousin Bertha Goodman. He later switched to the University of Wisconsin where he developed an interested in psychology and found a mentor in psychologist Harry Harlow who served as his doctoral advisor. Maslow earned all three of his degrees in psychology from the University of Wisconsin: a bachelors degree in 1930, a masters degree in 1931 and a doctorate in 1934. Career and Humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow began teaching at Brooklyn College in 1937 and continued to work as a member of the schools faculty until 1951. During this time, he was heavily influenced by Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer and anthropologist Ruth Benedict. Maslow believed that they were such exceptional people that he began to analyze and take notes on their behavior. This analysis served as the basis for his theories and research on human potential. During the 1950s, Maslow became one of the founders and driving forces behind the school of thought known as humanistic psychology. His theories including the hierarchy of needs, self-actualization and peak experiences became fundamental subjects in the humanist movement. The process of self-actualization played a critical role in Maslows theory. He defined this tendency as the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities, etc. In other words, people are constantly in the process of striving to reach their full potential. Self-actualization is not an endpoint or a destination. It is an ongoing process in which people continue to stretch themselves and achieve new heights of well-being, creativity, and fulfillment. Maslow believed that self-actualizing people possess a number of key characteristics. Some of these include self-acceptance, spontaneity, independence and the ability to have peak experiences. Contributions to Psychology At a time when most psychologists focused aspects of human nature that were considered abnormal, Abraham Maslow shifted focus to look at the positive sides of mental health. His interest in human potential, seeking peak experiences and improving mental health by seeking personal growth had a lasting influence on psychology. While Maslow’s work fell out of favor with many academic psychologists and some suggest his hierarchy might be due for an update, his theories are enjoying a resurgence due to the rising interest in positive psychology. Maslow died in California on June 8, 1970, due to a heart attack. Selected Publications Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. NY: Harper.Maslow, A. (1962). Toward a Psychology of Being. NY: Van Nostrand.

The Effects Of Immigration On The Host Economy - 1502 Words

The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of the various effects of immigration on the host economy. The consequences I will be focusing on are on employment, inflation, wage level, economic growth and the welfare system. I am also going to examine what effect the skill level of immigrants has on the economic development of the host country. Then we will concentrate on papers about the situation in particular countries. There is plenty of research available about that particular topic and I would like to start with one of the earliest papers I found. In 1975 Professor Julian L. Simon (Simon 1975) assessed the aggregate effects of immigration on the incomes of natives in the United States and he found out that immigrants constitute and â€Å"excellent investment†, worth, in 1975, somewhere between fifteen and twenty thousand U.S. dollars to natives. While conceding some negative effects on the citizen work force in the form of job replacement, Professor Simon argues that immigrants not only take jobs, they also create jobs indirectly with their spending. He believes that international immigration is on the whole a positive effect. While he admits that there is some increased competition with citizen unskilled workers, the injury to citizens is very low and immigration has a virtually unmitigated positive benefit in economic terms. Also Professor George Borjas (Borjas 1990) made compelling arguments for increasing immigration to the United States but at theShow MoreRelatedImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Effects of Migration725 Words   |  3 Pagesevery day, but they’re knocking on doors that are not open.† Probably, the author is right because most of the migrants even do not know what awaits them in a new country. Before thinking about the effects of migration, people should draw a distinction between emigration and immigration. The immigration is beneficial, whereas the emigration is totally disadvantageous for a country. People from industrially backward regions do not value th eir current lifestyle and conditions, and they cannot resistRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Aspects of Job Migration943 Words   |  4 Pagesworld between April and June 2013(Immigration Statistics, April to June 2013).This essay seeks to evaluate the positive and negative impacts of labor migration. This research will begin by evaluating the economic effects of job migration it will then proceed to investigate the social effects. In the process it will be highlighted that the impacts of migration are balanced. Main body Economical effects Job migration has negative and positive impacts on economy. All countries take taxes from migrantsRead MoreReassessment of International Instruments in the Field of Migration1026 Words   |  5 Pagesnature of current migration flows with traditional institutional and legal systems of handling immigration, according to which each category of migrants received its clear and unambiguous definition. This concern has led to a reassessment of international instruments in the field of migration. Phenomenon of immigration Orderly international migration can have a positive impact on the countries of origin and host countries. Migration can also facilitate the transfer of skills and cultural enrichment. TheRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States1577 Words   |  7 PagesBeing the only Canadian born in my family, integration and immigration were never a concern of mine. However, my older brothers and parents had to go through this entire process in the 90s. Back then it was much different than now. Integration and immigration in Canada was relatively easier than in countries such as Spain, which will be the focus of this essay. Immigration to Spain is quite new. In the 1990s, it became more common, and then over the years increased significantly. The drastic increaseRead MoreCauses and Effects of Immigration1521 Words   |  7 Pages Causes and Effects of Immigration Name : Omar Kareem ID : 20083112 Section : H Instructor: Miss. Nathalia Geha Enl 110 Outline Causes and effects of immigration Thesis: the immigration is a big social problem. People immigrate because they want to have job, to run from dangerous situation and to have better education. I_ causes of immigration A_ some people are forced to move due to a conflict or toRead MoreJd Wetherspoon976 Words   |  4 PagesUnder a staggering development of economy, many people immigrate to foreign country, such as USA, UK and Australia. Therefore, they promote development of economic of these countries, as well as bringing to negative effects. In this essay, I will discuss that how influence the economic of developed countries. For example, population of America will be twice in this century. Especially, the number of children increased sharply. So that need as twice as houses, cars, roads, prison, hospitals, schoolsRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States Essay799 Words   |  4 Pages4. Current Situation In the past few years, a lot has been spoken and researched about immigration. The goods are moving in out of the countries more freely as globalization has taken its stand. Not only goods, but people also move about more freely than before. Effects of immigration Immigration can have some positive impacts as well as some negative ones. Both the hosts and originals are affected by it. The countries which are industrialized in Western Europe or the United states are usuallyRead MoreThe United States and Illegal Immigration Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration was an issue in the past and is a pressing problem in the present. The U.S. Government has been trying to find a resolution to this issue for years. The United States approved the Immigration Reform and Control Act in 1986, which allowed the American Government to punish American companies that consciously employed illegal immigrants (Nadadur 1037-1052). The United States’ Government Immigration Reform and Control Act has been unsuccessful in controlling illegal immigration. ItRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The Labour Market1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe issue of immigration restrictions has been a widely discussed topic in New Zealand, where migrants account for approximately one-quarter of the total population (United Nations, 2015). Some argue that the government has the re sponsibility to protect native workers, property rights against inflation and taxpayers, thus, should restrict immigration. However, others believe that the immigration policy achieves its intended purpose and that the migrants, eventually, bring tremendous positive economic

Is Cloning A Real Development - 1031 Words

It is in human nature to constantly learn and improve. Humans are daredevils and natural entrepreneurs in life. Testing limits, discovering things to help create new ideas and give hope to the human population, but some discoveries are out of mankind s hands. Cloning is starting to become a real development but issues such as later development issues, overpopulation and the idea of decreasing natural individuality keep it at a standstill. While Cloning is at a standstill there are things that make it an interesting research development. Cloning: the complete copy of an original piece. With all the downfalls of the new technology idea, some are blinded by the unique promises that could help the human race. With learning so much about the†¦show more content†¦There is life and saving with in the idea of cloning. Heads should not be turned just because of its unnatural creation, cloning is a an idea that is looked down upon, but so was electricity and other great inventions that have increased our knowledge of the world we know today. Cloning animals have already been a development, but each clone has had development problems. Most have a problem such as later development. Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. â€Å"More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring.†(â€Å"Cloning: an Issue Overview†p.2) More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. Cloned animals that do survive tend to be much bigger at birth than their natural counterparts. â€Å"Cloned animals also experience many health complications, such as abnormally large organs, and so they often die early. For example, scientists euthanized Dolly when she was six years old (half her expected lifetime) because she suffered from progressive lung disease and severe arthritis†(Joseph Castro, p.1).Dol ly is a the first mammal ever cloned in history, with her shocking survival when she was born,

Tissue Culture Technique for Callus Induction Free Essays

string(29) " at the culture room of ABI\." Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. We will write a custom essay sample on Tissue Culture Technique for Callus Induction or any similar topic only for you Order Now 23, No. 1, 2007 * Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar – Pakistan. ** Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad – Pakistan. TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR CALLUS INDUCTION IN RICE Hidayat Ullah*, Iltaf Ullah*, Sultan Akbar Jadoon* and Hamid Rashid** ABSTRACT Seeds of two rice varieties Basmati-370 and Basmati-385 were evaluated for invitro callus induction at Agricultural Biotechnology Institute in National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad during 2001-02, using M. S and N6 media supplemented with 2, 4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxi acetic acid) and BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) at @ 2. 0, 2. 5 and 0. 1, 0. 5 mgl-1 respectively. Objective of our study is to know the actual procedure for seed sterilization and to provide a well-adopted technique for callus induction in these varieties by using M. S and N6 media along with different concentrations of growth hormones. Seeds were used as explant source and to avoid chance of contamination sodium hypochlorite and ethanol at the rate of 50% and 70% were used respectively. Best response toward callus induction were observed for Bas-385 on both MS and N6 media however N6 media was proved to be best. Calli obtained from Bas-385 were friable and vigorous as compare to Bas-370. Bas-370 respond moderately on MS and N6 media at various combinations of 2,4-D and BAP. Bas-370 on MS media supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP @ 2. 0 and 0. 1 mgl-1 gave good performance towards callus induction. Over all results indicated that best callus were induced on MS and N6 when supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP @2. 0 and 0. 0 mgl-1 for variety Bas-385. INTRODUCTION In Pakistan rice is the second leading crop after wheat. In 2000-2001, the world annual production of rice was 598 million tones (FAO 2002). Asia is the largest producer of rice, with Bangladesh, China, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnams as the leading rice producing nations. In Pakistan rice covered an area of 2. 52 million ha, with the production of 5. 16 million tones in 1999-2000. It also play important role in our national economy. During 1999-2000 about 1. 92 million tones of rice was exported and earn about 465. 8 million US$. Rice is susceptible to a range of diseases and pests, which annually destroy about 55 percent of rice crops. The most common diseases are caused by he fungi sheath blight and rice blast, and the stalk borer is a common insect pest. Rice is composed of essential food components, therefore more than two billions people in the globe depend on rice for more than half of the proteins and calories they consume (Khan et al. 2000). Due to its increasing importance in nutrition and economy, it is now felt that new vari eties of rice, having good agronomic characters, should be evolved. Crop improvement through tissue culture techniques is easier and more often in use as compared to conventional plant breeding (Yamada, 1986). Somaclonal variations commonly ppear after tissue culture, which involve a callus stage (Larkin and Scow Croft 1981). Callus is undifferentiated mass of rapidly proliferating cells, can be obtained by culturing explants source (seed, node, bud, leaves, meristem and root tips etc) on nutrient medium containing specific growth regulators along with a standard recipe of chemicals. Rashid et al. (2000) studied that rice seeds have more potential for callogenesis as compared to node or tip. Successful callus induction from rice seed has been reported by several researchers (Gonalz 2000; Navraj et al. 1999; Marrassi 1996; Valdez et al. 1997; Xie et al. 995). But an improved method for callogenesis was reported by Rashid et al. 2000). The present study is based on tissue culture tech niques carried out in ABI laboratory for callus induction in rice varieties viz. Basmati-370 and Basmati-385. Two types of basal media M. S (Murashige and Skoog 1962) and N6 (Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969) supplemented with 2,4-D (2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) alone or in combination with different concentrations of BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) were used for callus induction. Hidayat Ullah, et al. Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice†¦. 82 MATERIALS AND METHODS The research work for callus induction in rice was conducted at the tissue culture laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Institute in National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, during 2001-02. The procedure of this research work has been divided in the following four main categories. Surface Sterilization of Rice Seeds Seeds of Basmati-370 and Basmati-385 were provided by rice programmed, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (ABI), National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad, and it was taken as explant source for callus induction. Healthy and mature seeds were selected by hysical appearance and they were dehusked manually. Seeds were first washed with detergent and then rinsed three times with simple tap water. For surface sterilization of seeds Clorox (5. 25% sodium hypochlorite) and ethanol was applied. After the applications of Clorox and ethanol seeds were rinsed thrice with autoclaved distilled water. Finally the seeds were dried with autoclaved filter pape r, and they were shifted carefully to the culture room of Agricultural Biotechnology Institute. Basal Media Preparation M. S and N6 basal media were used for callus initiation. These media were prepared according to he ingredients (Table I). The exact amount of nutrients was dissolved in the distilled water. Two types of growth regulators 2,4-D alone or in combination with BAP was used for callus induction. 2,4-D @ 2. 0 and 2. 5 mg l-1 and BAP @ 0. 0, 0. 1, 0. 5 mg l-1 respectively was added in the media. Sucrose at the rate of 3% and agar at the rate of 0. 7% was also added in the media. PH of the media was adjusted at 5. 78-5. 80 with the help of PH-meter. M. S. and N6 media were poured into the test tubes, it was plugged properly and autoclaved at 20 lbs pressure for 15 minutes in the autoclave machine. Inoculation of Sterilized Seeds The most important step in tissue culture technique is the inoculation of seeds. This operation was performed in the laminar flow cabinet at the culture room of ABI. You read "Tissue Culture Technique for Callus Induction" in category "Essay examples" Before the operation surface sterilization of the laminar flow unit was carried by UV-light for two minutes. After that hands were disinfected with 75% ethanol to prevent chance of contamination. Dried seeds were then inoculated into test tubes under aseptic condition in laminar flow unit. To minimize chance of infection the instruments were dipped in disinfectant after every operation. Growth Chamber Inoculated cultures were incubated at 25 ±3? C under the influence of 2000-lux light intensity for 16 hours photoperiod. Callus induction of rice seeds were observed after 21- days. The data for callus induction frequency were recorded for two rice varieties on two different media with different concentrations of growth regulators. Table I Composition of MS and N6 media Macronutrients KNO3 1900 2830 NH4NO3 1650 0 CaCl2. 2H2O 440 166 MgSO4 370 90. 37 KH2PO4 170 400 (NH4)2 SO4 — 463 Micronutrients MnSO4. H2O 16. 9 3. 33 H3BO3 6. 2 1. 6 KI 0. 83 0. 80 ZnSO4. 4H2O 8. 6 — ZnSO4. 7H2O — 1. 5 NaMoO4. 2H2O 0. 5 — CuSO4. 5H2O 0. 025 — CoCl2. 6H2O 0. 025 — Iron source FeSO4. 7H2O 27. 85 27. 85 NaEDTA 37. 25 37. 25 Vitamins Myoinositol 100 — Nicotinic Acid 0. 5 0. 5 Pyridoxine HCl 0. 5 0. 5 Thiamine HCl 0. 1 1. 0 Glycine 2. 0 — Sucrose 30g 30g Agar 7g 7g RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results obtained from tissue culture techniques of Bas-370 an d Bas-385 performed in ABI laboratory and repeated three times from 10th February to Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 23, No. 1, 2007 83 October 2001. Chance of contamination was much low when both the varieties were treated with 50% Clorox and 70% ethanol. Oono (1981) also used eeds as explants source for rice callus induction. The main objective of our study is to know the actual procedure for seed sterilization and callogenesis in these cultivars. The potential of both varieties for callus induction was observed significantly different on M. S and N6 media at different concentrations of growth regulators. It is noteworthy that N6 and M. S media, which proved to be optimum for the growth of callus, were unable to support cell growth in liquid media. Callus induced from both the varieties were different at various level of 2,4-D and BAP. Maximum callus formation (62. 5%) was recorded or Bas-385, followed by Bas-370 (55. 55%) when seeds were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D@2. 0 m gl-1 and 2mgl-1 2,4-D+0. 1mgl-1 BAP respectively (Table II and IV). Lowest callus of 41. 66 % was observed each for Bas-370 and Bas-385 when MS medium is supplemented with 2. 5 and 0. 5 mgl-1 of 2,4-D and BAP respectively. It is cleared that potential of Bas-385 towards callogenesis was higher than Bas-370. Averaged across MS media callus induction frequency was 48. 14 % for BAS-370 vs 53. 22 % for BAS-385 (Fig 2). This is equivalent to the net reduction of 5. 08 % for BAS-370. Growth regulator 2,4-D at he rate of 2mgl-1 was suggested and proved to be best for callus induction in both the varieties. Using N6 media callus induction frequency ranged from 20. 83 to 68. 05% for both the varieties. When 2,4-D@2mgl-1 was supplemented with N6 media, produced highest and good quality callus from Bas-385 (68. 05%) and minimum (20. 83%) from Bas-370 (Table III and IV). This result indicated positive correlation between 2,4-D and Bas-385 and negative for Bas-370. Average across N6 media callus induction frequency was 23. 6 % for Bas-370 vs 60. 64 % for Bas-385 (Fig. 3). This is equivalent to the net reduction of 7. 2 % for BAS- 370. Calli obtained from both the varieties were friable, granular, and yellow in color. So it was proved that N6 media is better for callus induction of rice as compared to M. S medium. Overall result of BAS-385 was best on various concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP on both, MS and N6 media. Callus form Bas-385 was healthy and more fleshy as compare to Bas-370 (Figure 1). The active division of cells was more prominent in the callus of Bas-385, that’s why it looks bulky. Secondly Bas-385 had more capacity for producing callus, especially when N6 media supplemented with 2,4- D@2mgl-1. Agronomic features of Bas-385 are also better than Bas-370 because it is developed through hybridization between Bas-370 and TN-1. Callus induction must be dependent on the genetic potentials of the variety and secondly the combination of hormones at different concentration. Callus induction is the best way to create somaclonal variations in crop plants. Variations are the basis for improvement and some time this variation is heritable. Oono (1981) cultured seed explants of rice varieties and observed variation for certain agronomic characters that are also heritable. Once cultured techniques were stablished in rice, it become possible to apply them for callus regeneration and transformation. (b) Calli obtained from Bas-385 (a) Calli Obtained form Bas-370 Hidayat Ullah, et al. Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice†¦. 84 Table II Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-370 on M. S Medium Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox time/Ethano l ti me (min) Hormone in mg L-1 # Of inoculated test tubes % Contamination % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 58. 33% 20. 83% 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 73. 61% 22. 22% 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 52. 77% 27. 77% Table III Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-370 on N6 Medium. Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox time/Ethano l time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 # Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Table IV Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-385 on M. S Medium. Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox /Ethanol time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Table V. Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-385 on N6 Medium Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox/Etha nol time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 # Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 3, No. 1, 2007 85 20. 83 62. 5 22. 22 55. 5 27. 77 41. 66 0 20 40 60 80 Bas-370 Bas-385 Varieties Callus induction freq (%) 2,4-DBAP@2. 00. 0 2,4-DBAP@2. 00. 1 2,4-DBAP@2. 50. 5 47. 22 68. 05 55. 55 61. 11 41. 66 52. 77 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Bas-370 Bas-385 Varieties Callus induction freq (%) 2,4-DBAP@2. 00. 0 2,4-DBAP@2. 00. 1 2,4-DBAP@2. 50. 5 Fig. 2. Callus induction frequency (%) of Bas-370 and Bas-385 on M. S media at different level of 2,4-D and BAP. Fig. 3. Callus induction frequency (%) of Bas-370 and Bas-385 on N6 media at different level of 2,4-D and BAP. Hidayat Ullah, et al. Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice†¦. 86 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Infections of the callus is main problem in tissue culture technique so we should adopt the following precautions. 1. We should sterilize the seeds in 50% hypochlorite solution for 20 minutes and all the apparatus like flasks, petri plates, blades and forceps etc. should be disinfectant with 70% ethanol. Media should be prepared accurately with respect to concentrations and PH of the media must be maintained properly. Exact amount of growth hormones must be added. 2. Seeds of Bas-370 on MS media with combination 2. and 0. 1mgl-1 should be used to get maximum callus, while hormonal combination 2,4-D and BAP @2. 0 and 0. 0 mg l-1 should be used for better callus induction of Bas-385 on N6 media. Bas-385 is an improved version of Bas-370 because it is developed through hybridization between Bas-370 and TN-1. That’s why it is more responsive towards callus as will as high doses of ferti lizers. Over all results indicated that Bas- 385 having more potentials and suitable for further genetic studies. REFERENCES FAO. 2002 Food Outlook Bullet. No: 1,FAO, Rome. Gonalz, M. C. 2000. Effects of different growth egulators on in vitro culture of rice cultivors. Tropicales. 21(1): 27-28. Khan, J. A. , F. F. Jamil and M. A. Gill. 2000. Screnning of rice varieties against bakanae and bacterial leaf blight. Pak. J. Phytopath. 12(1): 6-11. Larkin, P. J. and W. R. Scowcraft. 1981. Somaclonal variation a novel source of variability from cell cultures of plant improvement. Theor. Appld. Genet. 60:197-214. Marasi, M. A. , O. A. Bovo, A. Socchi and L. A. Mrongiski. 1996. Cytokining in the callus induction medium for plant regeneration of rice. Phyton Int, J. Exp. Bot. 59(1-2): 155-160. Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. 1962. Arevised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497. Navraj, K. , M. S. Gill, G. Raman, T. S. Bharaj, S. S. Gosal, N. Kaur and R. Gill. 1999. Factors enhancing somatic embryogenesis and high frequency plant regeneration in rice. Crop Improv. 26(1): 23-27. Nitsch, J. P. and C. Nitsch. 1969. Haploid plants from pollen grains. Sci. 163: 85-87. Oono, K. 1981. In vitro methods applied to rice in plant tissue culture. T. Athorpe, ed. Acad. Press, New York. pp. 273-298. Rashid, H. , A. Toriyama, K. Qurashi, Hinta and K. A. Malik. 2000. An improved method for hoot regeneration from calli of Indica rice. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 3 (12): 2229-2231. Valdez, M. , M. Monoz, J. R. Vega and A. M. Espinoza. 1997. Plant regeneration of Indica rice from mature embryo derived calli. Revistade Biologia Tropical. 44(3): 13-21. Xie, J. H. , M. W. Gao, Q. H. Cai, X. Y. Chens, Y. W. Shen and Z. Q. Liang. 1995 Optimized growth regulators combination in Japonica rice. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 42(3): 245-250. Yamada, Y. , T. Q. Yang and D. T. Tang. 1986. Plant regeneration from protoplast derived callus of rice (Oryza sativa L. ). Plant Cell Reports. 4: 85-88 How to cite Tissue Culture Technique for Callus Induction, Essay examples

The planets Essay Example For Students

The planets Essay The Planets and the Solar System Planets 2 A planet is a celestial body that revolves around a central star and does not shine by its own light (Grolier, 1992). The only planetary system that is known to man is our solar system. It is made up of nine planets which range in size and make-up. The nine major planets in our solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. There are also many other minor planets which are also in our solar system, but they are unimportant compared to the nine major planets. In this paper I will discuss the planets and how they are each unique. Mercury which is the planet that is closest to the sun is the first planet I will discuss. We will write a custom essay on The planets specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Mercury is the smallest of the inner planets. It is speculated that the heat from the sun made it impossible for the gases present to become part of the planetary formation. The surface of Mercury is extremely hot. It is approximately 470 degrees celsius on the surface and is thought to be even hotter at the two hot spots. These hot spots are on opposite ends of the equator. It is the heat of the surface that makes it impossible for Mercury to have any type of atmosphere. Mercury orbits the sun once every 88 days and has a true rotation period of 58.6 days. It is the closest planet to the sun and therefore orbits faster than any other planet (Thompson/Turk, 542, 1993). It is said that Mercury rotates three times for every two trips around the sun, so that during Planets 3 every alternate perihelon passage the same face points directly at the sun. Geologically, the most remarkable features of Mercury are compressional cliffs or faults, just the sort of wrinkles that might form in the crust if the interior of the planet shrank slightly (Morrison, 74, 1993). It is speculated that it was the solidification of Mercurys metallic core that caused this global shrinkage. Mercury is also . . . enriched in metal or depleted of rock (Morrison, 74, 1993). It is also believed that some of the inner core of Mercury is still in a fluid state. Scientists also believe that Mercurys surface is made partially of silicate rock. The best way to describe Mercury is, . . . small, heavily cratered and airless (Morrison, 71, 1993). Venus is the second closest planet to the sun and is said to . . . most closely resemble Earth in size, density, and distance from the sun (Thompson/Turk, 542, 1993). Venus is known to most scientists as the sister planet to the Earth. It is called this because it closely resembles the Earths mass, density and diameter. The only thing different is that Venus is shrouded in thick clouds that completely hide the surface of the planet (Grolier, 1992). The surface temperature is also much warmer than that of Earth. Venus completes one revolution around the sun in 224.7 days. This makes the Venusian day equal to 117 earth days. It is thought that this slow rotation may be the reason why Venus has no magnetic field. Planets 4 The atmosphere of Venus made up of 98% carbon dioxide and 2% Nitrogen. This atmosphere also has the presence of helium, neon and argon. This is yet another thing which makes Venus different from Earth. The surface of Venus is quite a bit like that of the Earth. The surface has volcanoes and smooth plains. Much of the volcanic activity on Venus takes the form of Basaltic eruptions that inundate large ares, much as the mare volcanism flooded the impacted basins on the near side of the moon (Morrison, 93, 1993). .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 , .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 .postImageUrl , .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 , .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647:hover , .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647:visited , .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647:active { border:0!important; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647:active , .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647 .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc35bfd53cf63ab1ae174bdce6d415647:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Minds Are Open Only When Hearts Are Open Essay Paper One thing that differs from Earth is that there is no water liquid on the Venusian surface. Some of the scientific data that follows was taken out of Cattermoles book. The mean distance from the sun is 108.20 Km. The equatorial diameter is 12,012 Km and the equatorial rotation is 243 days. Finally the mass of Venus is 4.87*10^24 (Cattermole, 63, 1993). Venus, although different than Earth, is still our sister planet. Mars is the fourth furthest away from the sun and is recognized by its reddish color. Mars is also very much like the Earth. More than any other planet in the solar system, Mars has characteristics that make it an Earth-like world (Grolier, 1992). One thing that is very similar to Earth is the rotation period. Mars rotation period is only thirty seven minutes longer than the Earths. This would explain why Mars has significant seasonal changes just as Earth does. It is believed that the Planets 5 difference between winter and summer on Mars is even greater than on Earth. Mars is extremely hard to understand due to the effect of blurring that is caused by the two atmospheres of Mars. Scientists do know, however, that Mars is relatively small and that changes take place in the surface features when the seasons change. It is also known that dust storms are prevalent and leaves the surface of Mars covered by a red haze. Mars has a very thin atmosphere which is composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, water vapor and oxygen. Mars also has no magnetic field. Because the atmosphere of mars is so thin, wind velocities up to several hundred Km per hour are required to raise the dust particles during a dust storm, and these fast- moving particles erode structures with a sand-blasting effect (Grolier, 1992). Therefore, the surface is basically plain-like and covered with large craters. There are also some areas where the rock is jumbled. The poles of Mars are iced over and the temperature is about 160 170 degrees K. Mars also has its share of volcanoes. Most of these volcanoes are shield volcanoes. The surface is littered with winding channels that resemble river channels that have dried up over time. Scientists believe that water once existed and caused the formation of these channels. It is said that, Mars remains the best candidate for life in the solar system outside of the Earth, and that is what makes Mars so interesting to scientists. Jupiter is the fifth planet and is the most massive of all Planets 6 the planets in this solar system. Its mass represents more than two-thirds of the total mass of all the planets, or 318 times the mass of the Earth. Jupiters density is quite low at 1. 3 g/cubic cm. The atmosphere of Jupiter contains water, ammonia, methane and carbon. It is thought by scientists that there are three cloud layers. The wind activity on Jupiter is quite fierce and moves in jet streams parallel to the equator. The weather on Jupiter is still very hard for scientists to understand. There is not enough information to truly understand how the weather is on this planet. Jupiter is most known by the normal citizen by the rings it has. These rings are very diffuse. The ring particles must generally be about as big as the wavelength of light, that is, only a few microns (Grolier, 1992). That is why these rings are faint or diffuse. The rings are what Jupiter is known for. Saturn is a planet which is also known for its rings and when viewed has a yellow or grayish color. .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b , .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b .postImageUrl , .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b , .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b:hover , .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b:visited , .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b:active { border:0!important; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b:active , .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef56a36f56fd1f5ccb83ba333cca757b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Times Have Changed Essay The color is from the gaseous atmosphere and the dust particles in that atmosphere. The atmosphere is mostly a clear hydrogen-helium atmosphere. There are also traces of methane, phosphine, ethane, and acetylene. This atmosphere is much different than that of the Earths. Saturn orbits the sun with a period of 29.4577 tropical years. It is 1.427 billion Km away from the sun and is therefore a cold planet. It has an equatorial diameter of 120,660 Km which Planets 7 makes it the second largest planet in our solar system. The next planet is Uranus. The main problem scientists have with Uranus is that, the lack of visible surface features means that it is difficult to measure the rotation period of Uranus (Hunt/Moore, 388, 1983). Uranus has an equatorial diameter of 51,000 Km which is almost four times as much as Earth. The atmosphere is mostly methane gas and therefore the planet has a red tint or a blueish green color. Uranus also has rings but unlike Saturn these rings have almost no small particles. Scientists are not as concerned with this planet. Neptune is the last of the gaseous planets in our solar system. Its atmosphere is much like Uranuss because it is mostly helium and hydrogen. It also contains methane. Neptune has a diameter of 49,500 Km and a mass 17.22 times that of the Earth. It has an average density of 1.67 /cm^3 (Grolier, 1992). Neptune also has rings like its other gaseous partners, but they are very faint. Not a great deal is known about Neptune. It is widely studied by scientists and that makes it an important planet. The final planet, which is also the smallest, and the furthest away from the sun is Pluto. This planet is very hard to see therefore not a lot is known about its physical characteristics. Scientists do know that it has a thin methane atmosphere. Little is known about this planet because it is so far away from the Earth and the sun. Scientists are always learning new things and more data will arise in the future. Planets 8 As one can see the planets of most importance are the ones closest to the sun and Earth. Little is known about the far off planets therefore it is hard to give them full recognition. Much is known about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. The other three planets are not as well known as these six are. Whether more planetary systems exist doesnt really matter. There are still plenty of things we dont understand about our own solar system. Scientists will have their work cut out for them in the future. Each and every planet has distinct differences and that helps show us how truly great God is. The planets will never fully be understood and will always be a great topic of discussion. Bibliography:Planets 9 Works Sited Cattermole, P. (1995). Earth and Other Planets. New York: Oxford University Press. Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. (1992). Hunt, G. Moore, P. (1983). Atlas of the Solar System. Chicago: Rand Mc Nally Company. Morrison, D. (1993). Exploring Planetary Worlds. New York: Scientific American Library. Thompson, G. Turk, J. (1993). Earth Science and the Environment. New York: Saunders College Publishing Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

Australia and the Depression essays

Australia and the Depression essays The 1920s was a time of great prosperity for Australia. Entertainment popularity had increased with musical theatre, opera and stage comedies drawing large audiences. Transport boomed with increasing numbers in car owners and the introduction of commercial aviation in the early 1920s. The Australian Government borrowed heavily from overseas for investments during this opulent period. By the late 1920s there was a significant decline in the volume of international trade . The American stock market crash in October 1929 accelerated a decline in prices for farm commodities in Australia. Due to both international as well as internal factors, Australia was now drawn into the depression along with the rest of the world. As a result of this, the economy suffered greatly and Australia could not pay back the millions of dollars worth of loans borrowed during the 1920s boom. Effects of the depression would lead to the unemployed and unskilled in society carrying the strain of the depression. S ocial divisions would widen as the depression took a greater toll on the working class. Australia borrowed heavily from overseas during World War I in order to finance the war effort. They owed large sums of money through investments and loans. The Bruce Page Government, headed by Prime Minister Bruce, brought in the policy of Men, money, markets to attempt to solve the economic problems that faced the world. The idea was to increase Australias population and bring investment to the country. In order to do so, immigration schemes were introduced. Australia provided assisted migration to immigrants as an incentive for them to come to Australia. Many migrants that came to Australia to increase the workforce did not know how to farm. Australia borrowed money from Britain to pay interest loans from World War I, fund public works and development projects and to pay pensions. Borrowing the money from England meant that export prices decreas...

Biography of Augusta Savage, Sculptor and Educator

Biography of Augusta Savage, Sculptor and Educator Augusta Savage, an African American sculptor, struggled to succeed as a sculptor despite barriers of race and sex. She is known for her sculptures of  W.E.B. DuBois,  Frederick Douglass,  Marcus Garvey; Gamin, and others. She is considered part of the  Harlem Renaissance arts and culture revival. Early Life Augusta Christine Fells Savage  lived from February 29, 1892, to March 26, 1962. She was born Augusta Fells in Green Cove Springs, Florida to Edward Fells and Cornelia (Murphy) Fells. She was the seventh of fourteen children. As a young child, she made figures out of clay, despite religious objections of her father, a Methodist minister. When she began school in West Palm Beach, a teacher responded to her clear talent by engaging her in teaching classes in clay modeling. At college, she earned money selling animal figures at a county fair. Marriages She married John T. Moore in 1907, and their daughter, Irene Connie Moore, was born the next year, shortly before John died.  She married James Savage in 1915, keeping his name even after their 1920s divorce and her remarriage to Robert L. Poston in 1923 (Poston died in 1924). Sculpting Career In 1919 she won an award for her booth at the county fair in Palm Beach. The fairs superintendent encouraged her to go to New York to study art, and she was able to enroll at Cooper Union, a college without tuition, in 1921. When she lost the caretaking job that covered her other expenses, the school sponsored her. A librarian found out about her financial problems, and arranged for her to sculpt a bust of African American leader, W.E.B. DuBois, for the 135th St. branch of the New York Public Library. Commissions continued, including one for a bust of Marcus Garvey. During the Harlem Renaissance, Augusta Savage enjoyed growing success, though a 1923 rejection for a summer of study in Paris because of her race inspired her to get involved in politics as well as art. In 1925, W.E.B. DuBois helped her get a scholarship to study in Italy, but she was unable to fund her additional expenses. Her piece Gamin brought attention, resulting in a scholarship from the Julius Rosenwald Fund, and this time she was able to raise money from other supporters, and in 1930 and 1931 she studied in Europe. Savage sculpted busts of Frederick Douglass, James Weldon Johnson, W. C. Handy, and others. Succeeding in spite of the Depression, Augusta Savage began to spend more time teaching than sculpting. She became the first director of the Harlem Community Art Center in 1937 and worked with the Works Progress Administration (WPA). She opened a gallery in 1939, and won a commission for the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, basing her sculptures on James Weldon Johnsons Lift Every Voice and Sing. The pieces were destroyed after the Fair, but some photos remain. Education Overview Florida State Normal School (now Florida A M University)Cooper Union (1921-24)with sculptor Hermon MacNeil, ParisAcademie de la Chaumiere, and with Charles Despiau, 1930-31 Retirement Augusta Savage retired to upstate New York and farm life in 1940, where she lived until shortly before her death when she moved back to New York to live with her daughter Irene.​

Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Quiz - Essay Example Dr. Strangelove is one of the most satirical artistic works in history. The film was developed at a time when the entire country was terrified about the Soviet Union, yet it was developed with the approach of the issue by the use of humor instead of fear. Kubrick started the film as a drama but later found the whole situation so ridiculous that he had to laugh. The â€Å"big question† to be considered in this question is how human beings govern themselves (Landsburg 6). Governance is based on the fight for military and economic superiority by states that seek to rule others. This is depicted in the struggle by forces such as the USSR, Russia, and the United States in the film. Robert Oppenheimer is involved in the Manhattan Project that led to the development of the first atomic weapon. Oppenheimer believes that the atomic weapon came to make some states successful by improving their military superiority while other states would be affected by losing their citizens through deaths. This is the reason for his reference to Bhagavad Gita’s quote on the aspect of the destroyer of the worlds. The notion relates to Oppenheimer’s research in nuclear physics because it depicts the atomic bomb as a weapon that will destroy the world if not properly handled. The corset was so popular in the Victorian era because many women perceived it as a medical necessity. Women were believed to be fragile and always needed assistance in order to hold up. Even young girls needed to be laced up because of the weak nature associated with the female body. During the Victorian period, women were perceived as weak, and the corset was the most medically fit garment for them. Based on the â€Å"big question† on human beings, the corset was a violation of human rights. Based on the social construction, the society defines individuals. The society makes people perceive

Recalling the Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recalling the Holocaust - Essay Example The Nazis committed mass murder of the Jews in gas chambers. The use of gas chambers was one of the Nazi’s plans to eliminate all Jews from the German society. The killing of infants occurred before their birth. The gas chambers used carbon monoxide as the killer gas during the Holocaust. The use of carbon monoxide was an inhumane act. It allowed for the mass murder of the Jews by the Nazis. The first mass killing using gas chambers was in 1939. The killing that occurred at Owinksi hospital led to the death of over one thousand Jews including children. That the concentration camps, the use free standing chimneys to kill Jews presented one of the most atrocious acts. A high number of prisoners suffered their fatal fate because of the brutal killing using the freestanding chimneys in the camps. It remains one of the extreme violations of the rights of humanity. Phil Donahue’s interview is a revelation of the truth behind the inhumane acts that surrounded the Holocaust. It exposes the high number of Jews who suffered the atrocities experienced in the important event, that it, the Holocaust. The attempts by supporters of the Holocaust to deny the use of gas chambers to kill the Jews are unbelievable and tantamount to the denial of committing a crime. Dr. Franciszek is one of the most informed people on the holocaust incidence. Dr. Francisze's claims that the number of victims was less than that originally estimated seems ill-intentioned and driven by impunity.... The use of gas chambers was one of the Nazi’s plans to eliminate all Jews from the German society. The killing of infants occurred before their birth. The gas chambers used carbon monoxide as the killer gas during the holocaust. The use of carbon monoxide was an inhumane act. It allowed for mass murder of the Jews by the Nazis. The first mass killing using gas chambers was in 1939. The killing that occurred at Owinksi hospital led to the death of over one thousand Jews including children. That the concentration camps, the use free standing chimneys to kill Jews presented one of the most atrocious acts. A high number of prisoners suffered their fatal fate because of the brutal killing using the freestanding chimneys in the camps. It remains one of the extreme violations of the rights of humanity. The burning of children in the chimneys alive was another great desecration of human rights to life. Phil Donahue’s interview is a revelation of the truth behind the inhumane ac ts that surrounded the holocaust. It exposes the high number of Jews who suffered the atrocities experienced in the important event, that it, the holocaust. The attempts by supporters of the holocaust to deny the use of gas chambers to kill the Jews are unbelievable and tantamount to denial of committing a crime. Dr. Franciszek is one of the most informed people on the holocaust incidence. Dr. Francisze's claims that the number of victims were less than that originally estimated seems ill intentioned and driven by impunity. The interview articulates the true occurrences during the time when Jews underwent inhumane at the Aushwitz concentration chamber. The perception created by denial of the use of the gas chambers to kill in the camps contradicts

language evaluation :: essays research papers

Speech and Language Evaluation Background History Sally A. S., a three year, two month old female was seen on September 15, 2004 for a speech and language evaluation at the University of Washington Speech and Hearing Clinic. It was requested that Sally be seen by the Snowside County Children’s Services because of her speech and language delay. Mary Doe was the caseworker. She was taken into a foster home at the age of eighteen months. At that time, she was said to be non-communicative. It took several weeks for the foster parents to get her to smile and at 23 months of age she said â€Å"mommy†. Up until the age of 18 months, it was noted that Sally hadn’t received the proper nutrition for a developing child. Her mother passed away, from the cause of a stroke when she was 13 months old. Informally, it has been ascertained that the mother’s health was quite poor during pregnancy. The cause of death was a stroke so we might get some hint of some of the problems that she had from this. Evidently the home situation was terrible. She has been seen at Snowside Medical Center and they have stated that she has delayed bone age. However, according to the foster mother, she has been progressing nicely as of late. The foster mother seems to be quite quick to explain Sally’s slowness as functional and is quite adamant about the fact that she is not retarded. At present, she is beginning to put words together. Her intelligibility is quite poor. Therefore, I could not obtain much in the way of an articulation sample. I was able to obtain a raw score of 25 on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test- Third Edition (PPVT-III) (Form B). She obtained a standard score of 75 and a percentile rank of 5 which converted to a language age of 18 months. It is felt that Sally can hear well since no history of ear infections has been reported. The hearing screening that we did was essentially normal. Certainly, from the history that we obtained, it seems as though we are dealing with a case of delayed speech and language acquisition that may certainly be explained in part or in its entirety by the very poor situation in which this child found herself for the first 18 months of her life during which the linguistic foundation should have been built.

Sainsbury

Analyse’ and ‘evaluate’ the business strategy that J Sainsbury Ltd. has pursued using either Bowman’s strategic clock or Porter’s Generic Strategies framework. Submission Date : 28th April 2012 Word Count : 1841 Introduction Strategy is defined as how an organization and individual achieves its goals. The marketing strategies are altered as well as renewed in companies in the effort to survive and also prosper in an increasing demanding and complex business environment (Grant, 2010, p. 270).The strategic imperatives have shifted towards a priority emphasis in order to develop a superior capacity to reinvest the business model (Cravens, 2010, p. 20). Sainsbury mission and goal is to become the first choice of its customers in terms of food, deliver products which are of outstanding quality and service available at a competitive cost by means of working in a simpler, faster and together. Sainsbury have made fundamental changes which have transformed th e business but in the course of action the company has stayed true to its heritage.Sainsbury passion towards food at fair prices and its ethical approach have remained central for their success (J Sainsbury Plc, 2012). Figure 1: Business Strategy and Objectives [pic] (Source: J Sainsbury Plc-a, 2012) Accessing Sainsbury’s strategy using Bowman Strategic Clock The strategy clock which was coined by Cliff Bowman encouraged the mangers to consider competitive advantage with relation to cost advantage or differentiation (figure 1). It focuses on the price of the customers and their perceived value of the goods and services.It has been argued that Sainsbury pursue a differentiation strategy while others might argue that it has adopted the low cost strategy. It could be however said that the organisation has adopted both differentiation and low cost strategy and can be termed as â€Å"stuck in the middle† (Mantle, 2012). Figure 1: Bowman’s Strategy Clock [pic] (Source : Johnson, 2008, p. 243) Theories and Analysis SWOT Analysis has been performed in order to consider the internal and external factors of Sainsbury (See Appendix 3).J Sainsbury has been able to tackle the problem as it has been able to build the trust and can have faith on its customers at the worst condition. But the competition is also intense between the top four food retailers in UK and the hard discounters. It has been noted that Tesco and Asda are the top most retailers in UK and they have expanded in almost every part of the globe and this is where Sainsbury lacks and falls behind its current competitors (Mantle, 2012, p. 7).Sainsbury can try to overcome its weakness by applying its strength and overcome its threat by applying the opportunity. As per the TOWS Matrix, (Appendix 6) Sainsbury has a huge opportunity to tap the emerging nations with its diversified portfolio and with its good corporate image . To tackle the external environment PEST analysis has been conducted. Sa insbury needs to consider the external environment in order to proceed successfully and take measures of the upcoming shortfalls with respect to the external environment (See Appendix 2).In order to tackle the problem, Sainsbury has adopted the policies of operating in EU and also other parts of the globe. It has joint hands with the British government to tackle the problem of obesity and have pledged to cut about 5 billion calories (Retail Detail, 2012). Sainsbury has diversified its business ranging from food retail to non food retail outlets and has adopted the differentiation strategy. This adds on to the advantage of Sainsbury and helps to maintain competitive advantage and stay ahead of its competitors.But at the same time Sainsbury have many competitors who offer the same product (Appendix 5) which shows that the competition among the retail industry is quite high, but Sainsbury with its core competencies and diversified portfolio has been able to gain a diverse customer base . Analysis and evaluation of supporting resources and capabilities The company is trying hard to keep up its competency level by delivering efficient service and timely service. Sainsbury online serves almost about 30,000 order per week and cover 75% of the UK which ads on to its advantage (Breitenbuch, 2004, p. 22).With advancement in technology and change in mindset, customers prefer online services rather than the brick and mortar. Thus Sainsbury competency lies with its online shopping service. The capital of Sainsbury resulted in decreases in 2011 (854) as compared to 2010 (1006). But Sainsbury has invested in its R&D and other portfolios which have sown positive outgrow in the current fiscal year. But a glance at the resources and capabilities have proved that Sainsbury can well compete in the competitive retail market. Sainsbury’s unique resources and capabilities underpinning the Value chainSainsbury had made an investment of about multimillion pounds in its supply ch ain technology which has helped the company to reduce the amount of un-bought food by 15% during hard times. This technology was created by Sainsbury and helps to reduce wastage of food which would then help in the reduction of emission from CO2 to about 1400 tonnes. Thus it can be said that the company can react to changes in the buying pattern (Brittain, 2010). (See appendix 9) Value chain has been identified and upgraded in order to widen the system of suppliers, network and the buyers i. e. hrough the value system, and the importance of each individual and the discrete activities which are performed by the firm to achieve competitive advantage. Sainsbury has developed different supply chain channels to manage the complexity faced due to different store formats such as country town, Sainsbury local. Sainsbury believes in continues improvement and aims to achieve it in many different ways. Sainsbury recognise the importance of its people who plays a major role in delivering excell ent business. The logistic staffs of Sainsbury tend to work in flexible and well maintained environment.One of the collaboration of Sainsbury is to focus on the demands of the consumers and maintain a healthy relationship with the suppliers and other partners. Above all Sainsbury is committed in reducing the impact of its operation towards the environment (J. Sainsbury Plc-b, 2002). Appendix 9: Value Chain (James,Rowland-Jones& Obrian)[pic] A exceptional tangible source resource would be Sainsbury’s land bank, they created an agreement with British land in 2008, as a result of losing the combat to Tesco in land management , and therefore currently own 10,5 billion in real estate (Mantle, 2012)This gain value and addresses a key decisive achievement factor in the industry (Grant,2010). As position is important to offer convenience and a deep assortment, An extra unique intangible resource would be their brand representation and customer loyalty, this is vital since it can attr act or attract consumers and it could be necessary to build the brand image . Mintel has reported that Sainsbury’s achieved top amongst the big four’ for the best brand reputation, improving this by supporting charities such as ‘fareshare and active kids(J Sainsbury PLC,2012)A core capability would be Their online shopping has evolved over the years and with a change in customers mind set and lifestyle, and is mostly dominated by the major food retailers (Mintel, 2011). It is the second largest food online retailer in UK and its business grew by 20% over the years (McGrath, 2012). Sainsbury is also trying to develop a presence in the drugstore category but it would result in huge risk for the company as Boots has already acquired a majority of the market share (Data monitor, 2002). Has Sainsbury got the potential resources and capabilities?Feasibility analyse the firm positing of the resources and capabilities necessary for their given strategy (Johnson,Scholes & Whittington,2008) Sainsbury core competencies and resources (See Appendix 4) have enabled Sainsbury to achieve the third position in UK retail market and strengthen its value chain through investing in new technology (Appendix 9). Sainsbury core capabilities (Appendix 4) lie with their online shopping service which is often regarded as better than its competitors and at the same time hard to imitate.Other capabilities of Sainsbury include its logistic, loyalty programs and its own labelled products. But the disadvantage lies that its competencies are same as its competitors and are very easy to imitate. Critical challenges that Sainsbury faces in the expansion plan Most critical driver in the grocery industry would be the attractiveness of new rising market, such china whose market was expected by Euromonitor in 2010 to reach ? 418 billion(Johnson, Scholes & Whittington,2008 ). furthermore globalisation is a key factor for merging competitors.One critical challenge Sainsburyâ€℠¢s face is how compatible or distant the national market is with the company, therefore they must consider compatibility before they get into the market(John, Scholes &Whittington,2008). This can be done using the CAGE model, which looks at cultural, administrative and political geographical and economic distance between the markets. For instance cultural distance is very important in the supermarket industry. As mentioned in the SWOT analysis (Appendix 3) one of the major critical challenge with Sainsbury is the market of UK which has matured over the years. (Grant,2011)Sainsbury has adopted both the low cost strategy and also the differentiation strategy. The retail food section of Sainsbury offers food at a cheaper rate and also its product line offers a variety of services and products thus following the differentiation strategy (See Appendix 3). One of the risks involved associated with the hybrid strategy is that the company is trying to diversify into various sectors which mi ght not result in profitability in the long run, may result in failure. This is because Sainsbury is following two generic strategies cost leadership and differentiation strategy and it might result in a drawback in the long run.Does the strategy adopted by Sainsbury is attractive in terms of financial return and timescale required for its online orders? Sainsbury main rival is Tesco in terms of market share. The market share of Tesco has slipped from 30. 7pc to 30. 5pc. However the supermarket, Tesco was not being able to keep a track with the level of inflation at the current rate of 6. 2 c in the grocery industry. In comparison to Sainsbury, sales growth was recorded 4. 2 pc (Wallop, 2011). The financial report of Sainsbury has also shown a positive growth rate in its operating profit which amounted to ? 851million in 2011 as compared to ? 710 million in 2010.The gross profit recorded for the year end 2011 was also quite impressive as compared to the previous financial years (See Appendix 8). Conclusion Sainsbury strategy has helped it to become among the top retailers in food and non food items in UK and has been able to achieve a decent market share along with gross profit which resulted in a higher rate than its competitors Tesco. But with respect to international strategy, Sainsbury would face challenge from the intense competition from its competitors as they are globally situated and are assumed to be bigger brand than Sainsbury and has captured most of the market share outside UK.And secondly, due to economic slowdown, consumers have started to cut cost and prefer the small retail shops rather than the giant retail outlets. This would hamper the working of Sainsbury in the process of international expansion. Therefore it can be said that Sainsbury should expand only when the conditions are in favour of the company. Reference Breitenbuch, M. V. , 2004. Online Food Shopping: Consumer Perception and Retailers Market Approach, Contrasting the Markets UK and Germany. GRIN Verlag. Brittain, N. , 2010. Sainsbury's tries something new with supply chain technology. [Online].Available at: ; http://www. computing. co. uk/ctg/news/1834835/sainsburys-tries-supply-chain-technology; [Accessed 23 April, 2012]. CBI, 2004. Sainsbury’s. [Pdf]. Available at: ; http://www. article13. com/CBI/CBI%20CSR%20Case%20Study%20Sainsburys%20August2004. pdf; [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. Cravens, D. W. , 2009. Strategic Marketing 8E. New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Data Monitor, 2002. Sainsbury's: putting the Boots in. [Online]. Available at: < http://www. datamonitor. com/store/News/sainsburys_putting_the_boots_in? productid=E22D4126-72D1-4FF4-B2B3-1CAB1AF4E9A7> [Accessed 19 April, 2012].Grant, M. , 2010. Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text Only. John Wiley and Sons. IGD, 2012. IGD’s 2012 Sainsbury’s Trade Briefing. [Online]. Available at: < http://www. igd. com/index. asp? id=1&fid=2&sid=1&cid=2083> [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. J Sain sbury Plc, 2012. About US. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 18 April, 2012]. J Sainsbury Plc-a, 2011. Annual report and Financial Statement. [Pdf]. Available at: < http://www. j-sainsbury. co. uk/media/171813/ar2011_report. pdf> [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. J Sainsbury Plc-b, 2002. Sainsbury’s. [Online]. Available at:< http://www2. sainsburys. o. uk/sid/info_sc_osc. htm > [Accessed 26 April, 2012]. Johnson, G. , 2008. Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text & Cases, 7/E. South Asia: Pearson Education India. Just Food, 2011. UK: Morrisons, Sainsbury’s gain market share. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 20 April, 2012]. Mantle, P. , 2012. Case Study: J Sainsbury Ltd – January 2012. McGrath, T. , 2012. Sainsbury's: Second largest UK online food seller. [Online]. Available at: ; http://www. eway. co. uk/ecommerce-news/post/2012/03/14/Sainsburys-Second-largest-UK-online-food-seller143. aspx; [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. Mintel, 2011.Food Retailing – UK [Online]. Avai lable at: [Accessed 18 April, 2012]. Moon, H. C. , 2010. Global Business Strategy: Asian Perspective. Singapore: World Scientific. Morning Star, 2010. Sainsbury Lacks Competitive Edge. [Online]. Available at: ; http://www. morningstar. co. uk/uk/660/articles/94693/Sainsbury-Lacks-Competitive-Edge. aspx; [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. Pisanello, D. , No Date. SHORTCOMINGS IN ENFORCING EU FOOD LAW. WHAT DOES EU FOOD LAW STAND FOR? [Pdf]. Available at: ; http://regulation. upf. edu/dublin-10-papers/2F4. pdf; [Accessed 20 April, 2012]. Retail Detail, 2012.British food industry pledges to cut calories. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 18 April, 2012]. Verweire, K. , 2004. Integrated Performance Management: A Guide to Strategy Implementation. SAGE. Wallop, H. , Tesco loses market share. [Online]. Available at: ; http://www. telegraph. co. uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8937822/Tesco-loses-market-share. html; [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. Sainsbury Strategy clock Sainsbury Appendix 2: PEST Analysis Political †¢ Sainsbury adopted the international strategy and thus the political factors along with globalisation have affected the expansion. EU has been stringent in matters of food in order to protect the customers (Pisanello, n. d) and thus the food retailers have to comply with various standards which have affected the profit with is predicted to hamper the future growth. Economical †¢ Affects the buying decision of the customers as with recession hitting the country the residents are likely to cut cost and save for future needs. The people might prefer the next door retail outlet to shop for and this would indirectly affect Sainsbury. †¢ The economic recession has affected the people residing in UK and this has ultimately resulted in affecting the retail food sector.People will not stop eating due to poor economic situation like global crises or rescession but they would obviously cut cost which †¢ Retail industry prone to negative economic c ondition and can affect the future growth Social †¢ Social trends have been changing with the development in the countries †¢ High consumer debt level with negative savings rate. Technological †¢ Adoption of online retailing †¢ Supply chain management †¢ Adoption of electronic Point of Sale (PoS) Appendix 3: SWOT Analysis Strength †¢ Sainsbury is the third largest retailer in UK with 16% of the market hare (Just Food, 2011). †¢ Sainsbury has a diversified range of products †¢ it has a good corporate image †¢ Online shopping Weakness †¢ J Sainsbury Plc is exposed to the UK business cycle to a great extend. Opportunity †¢ Growth opportunity in the online shopping market †¢ Demand of good quality of food and healthy food †¢ Growth opportunity in the emerging countries. †¢ developing presence in the chemist and drugstore category Threat †¢ Intense competition from Tesco, Asda and Morrison †¢ Mature UK Market Appendix 4: Core capabilities and resourcesFigure 2: Resources and competencies of J Sainsbury PLC [pic] (Source: Mantle, 2012) Appendix 5: Porters Five Forces Figure 3: Porters five force of Sainsbury Appendix 6: TOWS Matrix | |Strength |Weakness | | |Sainsbury is the third largest retailer in UK |J Sainsbury Plc is exposed to the UK business | | |with 16% of the market share |cycle to a great extend. | |Sainsbury has a diversified range of products | | | |it has a good corporate image | | | |Online shopping | | | |Sainsbury being the third largest retailer |Sainsbury can overcome its weakness by | |Opportunities |could make use of its corporate image in the |utilizing its opportunity and create demand for| |Growth opportunity in the online shopping |emerging countries and with the online shopping|its food and non food items. | |market |market it can further strengthen its growth | | |Demand of good quality of food and healthy food|opportunities. | |Growth opportunity in the emer ging countries | | | |developing a presence in the chemist and | | | |drugstore category | | | |Threat |With its diversified portfolio it can stay |Sainsbury needs to tackle its problem as it’s | |Intense competition from Tesco, Asda and |ahead of its competitors and along with its |too exposed to the UK business cycle and as a | |Morrison |corporate image can easily tap the mature UK |result the rivalry is quite high. | |Mature UK Market |market. | | Appendix 7: Stakeholders Mapping Figure 4: Stakeholders mapping | | |A |B | |Minimal Effort |Keep Informed | | |Shareholders | | | | |C |D | |Keep Satisfied |Key players | |Environment, Community |Customers, Suppliers, employees | Keep informed: the shareholders of the organisation should be kept informed about the happenings and decision taken by Sainsbury. It is the duty of the company to make the shareholders know about every step that the company takes. Keep Satisfied: The community and the environment falls under the category of â€Å"C† where the company should satisfy these stakeholders.The community is important as it is a place that Sainsbury operates. The environment is also important as sustainability issue raises with the environment thus it becomes incredibly necessary to keep satisfied these two stakeholders. Key Players: The key players consist of the customers, suppliers and the employees. It is through these stakeholders that Sainsbury is able to operate its business. The employees form an integral part of the organisation. The strategies adopted by Sainsbury will directly affect thee stakeholders. Appendix 8: Financial Statement of Sainsbury Table 1: Financial performance [pic] (Source: J Sainsbury Plc, 2011) Table 2: Tesco Financial statement [pic] Source: Tesco, 2011) ———————– Hybrid Threat of Substitute Low -Medium: Low in case of food items and medium for non food items For clothing is high Rivalry among Competitors High: More competitors such as Tesco, Asda and Morrison Retail market is extremely competitive. Buyers Power High: Many competitors in the industry give the buyer the power to bargain Threat of Entry Low: Requires huge capital investment Sainsbury and other big retail giants accounts for nearly 80% of the retail market share Supplier’s power Low: As the position of Sainsbury is strengthen and are able to negotiate to get the lowest price from the suppliers.

How Many Bits Is My Computer How to Check

To run optimally, you should run the version of Windows thats aligned to the processor running your computers hardware. A 64-bit processor should generally run a 64-bit version of Windows, although it can run a 32-bit version just fine. A 32-bit processor, however, can only run a 32-bit version of Windows. Identify Your System Type In Windows 10, open the Settings app then click About at the bottom of the left-side menu. Youll see your hardware and software capability in the About page. For Windows 7 and Windows Vista, click Start Computer Properties to reveal a configuration window. In the System type section, youll see whether youre running a 32- or 64-bit version of Windows. Older Versions of Windows Its rare for Windows XP to run at 64 bits. Previous versions of Windows only run at 32-bits. Before Windows 95, Windows ran at 16 bits. Why Bits Matter For the most part, you generally wont have to worry about the system architecture of your computer. If you use the Microsoft Store, for example, everything will be taken care of for you. In some cases, your computer will ship with a 64-bit processor but youll have a 32-bit version of Windows loaded at the factory. It doesnt matter if your processor supports 64-bit computing; if the operating system supports 32-bits only, you cannot run a 64-bit program. For example, Microsoft Office supports both 64- and 32-bit installers. You can only use the 64-bit version if both your processor and your version of Windows are at a 64-bit level. Otherwise, youll have to use the 32-bit version only. Some stand-alone applications released during the Windows 7 era offered both 32- and 64-bit versions. If you downloaded the wrong one, the installer typically failed. If the installer allowed you to load a 64-bit app on a 32-bit computer, the program would fail with various application errors. No harm would come to your computer, however.